Crafters supply Examples of Native American Beading on the History Tree

Deb Tiger is a maker of primary Native American clothing. She also makes Native American crafts. She is just one of the Native American artists who have items placed on the History Tree at Prairie Star Gallery in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. At the 10th annual tradition at the downtown Sioux Falls native art gallery, there is a twelve foot tree that is covered in decorations.

Deb Tiger's tiny baby moccasins are considered sewn with beads in primary patterns. She also made little replicas of garments she makes for pow-pow dancers and whatever else who wants primary Native American Clothing.

Everything on the tree is hand made using Native American primary techniques and materials. Every reservation and tribal group in South Dakota is represented and has contributed items for the History Tree, which will be on display until the end of January.

The ornaments that are for sale were made by about a hundred families who contributed over a thousand items for the tree. Every member of the family works on the ornament: The father, mother, children, grand children all work together.

The tree features a broad range of hand-made items: baby moccasins, tiny breastplates and headdresses, small sage wreaths, willow and quilled medicine wheels, and medicine bags. Hanging on the tree are beaded dream catchers, and many sacred animals. The ornaments are made from all things from leather to stained glass.

Other Crafters

Ben Spirit Track made medallions from beads, a craft he learned from his grandmother. He hopes that the tree will pass some of the Native American beading traditions onto hereafter generations, by rousing interest. One of his medallions is made of leather and is round with beads stitched into the center. It symbolizes the four directions and the round shape is symbolic of the Earth.

Jaida Gray Eagle made beaded dream-catchers for the tree.

Ben McBride in case,granted some little drums. He learned beading from his family and in school where primary beading techniques are still taught to the children.

Although beading is primary in Native America culture, many other cultures world wide have beading traditions. The Bead bungalow [http://www.thebeadcottage.com] can help you with ideas and inspiration for your beading projects.

Read more

Fast Food History in America

Most population think the McDonald brothers of California started the fast-food craze in America, but in reality, it was the White Castle hamburger chain that surely started fast food history in America. J. Walter Anderson opened the first White Castle in 1916 in Wichita, Kansas, and population liked the cheap hamburgers, fries, and colas he offered. However, fast-food surely didn't come to be base in America until after World War Ii, when Americans first began to fall in love with their cars, and had relaxation time and more money to spend on eating out.

The McDonald Brothers

The real heroes of fast food history in America are Richard and Maurice McDonald, the two brothers who created the first McDonald's restaurant in 1948 in San Bernardino, California. They wanted their restaurant to be more productive and cost-effective, so they designed a easy menu in a small building without any tables, so population took their food and ate in their cars. By 1953, the brothers had decided to franchise their idea, and two franchises opened in Downey, California and Phoenix, Arizona.

Copycats

As the McDonald's became more successful, others began to take notice and copy their example to make their own fast food history in America. Keith Cramer started an performance in Florida that would turn into Burger King, and Ray Kroc, a blender salesman, was so impressed with McDonald's that he asked the brothers if he could sell their franchises. He opened his own McDonald's in Des Plaines, Illinois in 1954, and ultimately he bought out the brothers and became the owner of the corporation. Kroc was the driving force behind the food chain's breathtaking growth throughout America in the late 50s and early 60s. Wendy's was created by Dave Thomas in Columbus, Ohio, where the first restaurant opened in 1962.

More Newcomers

As fast food caught on, and more population decided they liked dining in their cars; more fast food shops sprang up colse to the country. Jack-in-the-Box began in San Diego, California in 1951, and by 1960 it had spread out of California into other areas. Troy Smith opened the first Sonic Drive-In in 1954 in Shawnee, Oklahoma, Dunkin' Donuts first opened in Quincy, Massachusetts in 1950, and the first Taco Bell opened in 1962 in Downey, California. All of these operations based their company at least loosely on the McDonald's performance and then modified it to work with their specialty foods.

Today's History

Today, fast food chains have spread all colse to the world, and have spread American culture right along with them. There are many more beloved chains, like Carl's Jr., Arby's, Domino's and Dairy Queen, indicating that fast food isn't always about hamburgers. In fact, pizza, Chinese food, and just about any type of food anticipated are now available for take-out at fast-food chains across the globe. Fast food history in America is surely the foundation of fast food as we know it today, and that history has made millionaires out of many of the population who first stated the fast food concept.

Read more

African American Authors - Books, Ebooks, and Novels

An growth of African American authors started in the 60s, the same time as the civil proprietary movements, but their work on was noticed before America became a nation and black authors were slaves and abolitionists.

Among the first to gain prominence was Phillis Wheatley, who was brought from Africa when she was a child and sold to the Wheatley's in Boston. Wheatley arrived in America without any knowledge of the English language, but soon became proficient in reading and writing, even publishing the composition, 'Poems on assorted Subjects' in 1773, a landmark publication for the African American community.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass - After Douglas escaped slavery twice, this book was published. Just a bit later the American Civil War started, bringing new studying opportunities for African-Americans.

This schooling at the turn of the 20th century helped look after a new black culture in the United States, one with many informal African-American book clubs where participants shared literature. The un-ending turn over begun by W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington still continues on how an African American can best heighten himself.

With the 21st century, publishing has been revolutionized once more, with eBook publishers targeting children, adults, and niche markets of race and culture. With the rise of the Internet came a revolution in publishing for niche eBook markets, from children's literature to adult literature, including works by African-American authors addressing race and cultural identity. Bookstores and African-American book clubs alike have benefited greatly from ebooks. You have to look back to the past to comprehend this impact.

Better teaching in the 20th century fostered the growth of black cultural awareness all around America. Since early African-American writers were slaves and abolitionists, much of early African-American literature was political or spiritual. Phyllis Wheatley's poetry made up the first published book by an African-American person.

Proven a thriving business in spite of our current economy, African-American authors are finding success within the internet black eBook community.

Even though African-American writing might only fill a bookshelf in your local library, the Internet will divulge a wealth of poetry, fiction, novels, advice, history, and even adult ebooks.

Books serve an foremost function from when we are kids up until we are old, and they impact our lives.

American-poets and African-American-authors have been putting an impression on the emotions of those who read them with their strongly scribed black-novels, Black-books, love poem, wedding poems, birthday poems, African-American-books, African-American-poems and others.

The Harlem-Renaissance came up with a many black impressions and black-authors during the 1920s that showed black-history and introduced African-American-fiction that was widely loved by people who enjoyed books.

With the help of Zora-Neal-Hurston's books depicting African-American fiction, African-American literature realized its turning point during the Harlem-Renaissance.

Over one hundred years ago, an club was formed to help African-Americans feel like they are advancing in their proprietary progressively and it is now ordinarily known as the Naacp. African-American authors and poets began their rise to fame through this group, whose mission was to good the plight of the African-American people.

Like the predominant Hughes, there are a large whole of African-American authors and poets who have focused on the topic of slavery.

In this day and age, there are some African American book clubs that have been created to help African American literature and the African American Writers also. Readers can find whatever at these book clubs, from black poetry to black history and love poems. These book-clubs allow the book-lover to make your mind up distinct types of literature, from poetry collections to bad dream novels, based on their personal preference.

You too can join African-American book clubs and sense the heritage of Black novels and African American writing.

Read more

America's 22nd Amendment

On February 27th, 1951, the 22nd amendment was ratified which made permanent a tradition that has profound influence on the philosophy of government in the United States of America. This amendment may not be the most well known amendment but its place in the fabric of American history cannot be overstated. That is because the 22nd Amendment mandated that...

No someone shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no someone who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other someone was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once.

The limitation of service as President of the United States to two terms was one that up until the 22nd amendment was more a matter of custom than law. It began when George Washington refused to run for a third term. But by development the limitation of power in the presidency in the 22nd amendment, the American habitancy made a bold statement about how their government would be run.

One of the most unique aspects to how the United States of America organized its government was the view of habitancy rulers. This view was born in the very halls and pubs where the founding fathers gathered to discuss this new country that was just getting started. By reducing the idea of a "career politician", especially at the presidential level, the 22nd amendment dealt a deadly blow to the view that America would ever be ruled by a king or a "president for life."

This was clearly a reaction by America to the abuses that had witnessed by the pilgrims and immigrants that make up this great country in their homelands. They reacted strongly and negatively to the deification of kings and the virtually unlimited powers that too many times systems of royalty tended to give to their leadership. This was one of the central themes that caused so many to flee Europe, Central Asia and other parts of the world to seek a land where it was the habitancy who were the town of the governments will, not the arbitrary ideas of a king who was cut off from the real needs of the habitancy he served.

The way America set up its presidency was in every way an effort to "fix" the flaws and abuses of the European models and refocus the town of power in government on the electorate rather than on the elected. an additional one aspect of the American federal principles that was put in place deliberately to limit the ability of those in power to abuse that power is the principles of checks and balances.

This principles assures that none of the branches of government, The Congress, the Presidency or the consummate Court could dominate the other or take perfect power and rule without challenge. By insuring that all in power had to retort to the opposing party and be prepared to retort to the American habitancy for what they did and even said, this completely eliminated that chances that one part of the government would stage a "coup" over the other.

Accountability is a word that is not very provocative but it is the view that has kept the American principles of government salutary and in service to its habitancy rather than putting them in service for over 200 years.

In addition to these some extremely innovative methods the founding fathers gave to this young country to eliminate the abuses of past governmental systems, they also put a principles in place that assured the orderly transition of power. The principles of elections every two years stopped two evils, the occurrence of a politician who served for life without responsibility and a principles wherein the only way to loose your job in government was by violent overthrow.

As a ensue the American system, albeit competitive and argumentative, has been and continues to be one of the most peaceful and orderly systems of federal supervision in the world and assuredly in the history of the world.

Read more

Leadership Secrets of excellent African American Women

African American women have overcome unprecedented adversity historically and have now arisen to a place of grand success and notoriety. Two of my personal favorites among African American women are Rosa Parks and Oprah Winfrey.

Rosa Parks was an African American seamstress and civil rights activist whom the U.S. Congress dubbed the "Mother of the Modern-Day Civil rights Movement". Parks is notable for her refusal on December 1, 1955 to obey bus driver James Blake's question that she relinquish her seat to a white passenger. Her subsequent arrest and trial for this act of civil disobedience triggered the Montgomery Bus Boycott, one of the largest and most flourishing mass movements against racial segregation in history, and launched Martin Luther King, Jr., one of the organizers of the boycott, to the forefront of the civil rights movement. Her role in American history earned her an iconic status in American culture, and her actions have left an enduring heritage for civil rights movements around the world.

Oprah Winfrey after her birth spent her first six years living in rural poverty with her Grandma Hattie Mae. Winfrey's grandmother taught her to read before the age of three and took her to the local church, where she was nicknamed "The Preacher" for her potential to characterize Bible verses. At age six Oprah moved to an inner city ghetto in Milwaukee, Wisconsin with her mother.

Winfrey was molested by her cousin, uncle, and a family friend. This traumatic sense deeply effected Oprah, but at the same time amazingly enabled her to feel for women, who would later become her major audience over the world. Turning her personal mess into a message, Oprah has mightily arisen as a global voice for women, an advocate for their rights, and a motherly figurehead who daily nurtures women throughout the world straight through her Tv broadcast.

Despite her dysfunctional home life, Winfrey skipped two of her earliest grades, became the teacher's pet, and by the time she was 13 received a scholarship to attend High School in the suburbs. Like many teenagers at the end of the 1960s, Winfrey rebelled, ran away from home and ran the streets. When she was 14, her frustrated mum sent her to live with her father in Nashville, Tennessee. Vernon was strict, but encouraging and made her instruction a priority. Winfrey became an honors pupil and was voted "Most favorite Girl."

Other aspects of Oprah's journey to success comprise her joining her high school speech team, and placing second in the nation in dramatic interpretation. She won an oratory contest, which secured her a full scholarship to Tennessee State University, where she studied communications. At age 18, Winfrey won the Miss Black Tennessee beauty pageant.

Oprah's true media career began at age 17, when Winfrey worked at a local radio center while attending Tsu. Working in local media, she was both the youngest news anchor and the first black female news anchor at Nashville's Wlac-Tv. She moved to Baltimore's Wjz-Tv in 1976 to co-anchor the six o'clock news. She was then recruited as co-host of Wjz's local talk show population Are Talking, which premiered on August 14, 1978.

In 1983, Winfrey relocated to Chicago to host Wls-Tv's low-rated half-hour morning talk-show, Am Chicago. The first episode aired on January 2, 1984. Within months after Winfrey took over, the show went from last place in the ratings to overtaking Donahue as the highest rated talk show in Chicago. It was renamed The Oprah Winfrey Show, extensive to a full hour, and broadcast nationally starting September 8, 1986.

Time magazine wrote, "Few population would have bet on Oprah Winfrey's swift rise to host of the most favorite talk show on Tv. In a field dominated by white males, she is a black female of ample bulk."

Oprah speedily silenced her critics by taking her show to the top. Her straightforward curiosity, delightful humor, and endearing empathy attracts viewers of all walks of life. making population feel safe in her presence, affirming their personhood, and encouraging their possible Oprah's show provides viewers throughout the world a group therapy and personal empowerment session.

What leadership lessons can we learn from Rosa Parks and Oprah Winfrey:

1. Stand up for yourself. Don't be afraid defy the status quo and say no!

2. Disobedience in the eyes of men is sometimes obedience in the eyes of God.

3. Be bold as a lion and rule the jungle.

4. Liberation for you means liberation for others.

5. Turn your mess into a message.

6. Your pain is the power of your purpose.

7. Your adversity is your testimony.

8. Pursue instruction and demonstration of your personhood.

9. Maximize the media to strengthen the message.

10. strengthen your heart and strengthen your world.

11. Empathize with others providing a sympathetic ear.

12. Love unconditionally and live wholeheartedly.

There is nothing new under the sun. Apply these ladies leadership secrets to your own life and live your dreams.

Read more

The History of America's Sports Car

The Chevrolet Corvette is often known as "America's Sports Car" due to the fact that it is the first all-American sports car built by the American manufacturing enterprise general Motors. The Corvette has maintained its prestige as a very powerful yet affordable car for more than 50 years now. The car first came out in 1953 and was man-made in a Gm assembly plant in Bowling Green, Kentucky, Usa. What sets the Corvette apart from its European counterparts is its emphasis on simplicity. Most competing brands depend on smaller displacement and a complex engine. The Corvette on the contrary, uses a larger displacement and a simpler overhead valve that often resulted in a lighter, economy and physically smaller engine. This same philosophy is also reflected in the type of suspension used by the Corvette where Gm opted to use the transverse leaf springs.

The name for Chevrolet's entry-level sports car back in 1953 comes from a very maneuverable frigate class warship of the same name. The someone responsible for choosing the name of Gm's sports car was Myron E. Scott, who happens to be the creator of the Soap Box Derby. The early Corvettes have fiberglass for their outer body due to the steel quotas left over from the war. The engine used back then was the "Blue Flame" inline 6-cylinder truck engine with two-speed Powerglide self-operating transmission and drum brakes that are similar to any Chevrolet car line of that time. Compared with its European counterparts, the Corvette was an underpowered vehicle. It was only in 1954 that a Paxton supercharger became available as a dealer-installed option. This significantly improved the carrying out of the Corvette but was still behind its counterparts.

The Corvette underwent major changes by 1963 and marked the start of the second generation of Corvettes that was also known by the acronym C2. There were several body designs made by Larry Shinoda, which were released from 1963 till 1968. The improvement of the Corvette Stingray sporting split-rear windows and fake hood vents also started in 1968. A 6.5 L big-block engine option also became available and an even larger 7L big-block engine came by 1966.The Third generation (C3) Corvette's establish made by Larry Shinoda was inspired by a Mako Shark. The C3 lasted until 1982 and in each passing year, various improvements were added to the Corvette especially on its engine. In 1973, Urethane-compound bumpers replaced the chrome bumpers of the Corvette.

There are several notable variants of the C4 model of the Corvette namely the B2K Callaway Twin Turbo (1987), Zr-1 also known as King of the Hill (1990) and the Grand Sport Corvette (1996). They paved the way for the improvement of the C5, C5 Z06, C5-R (1997 to 2004) Corvettes. The major changes to these models are the hydrofoamed box frame; transmission was located at the rear of the car and the Ls1 small-block engine with a rated horsepower of 345 hp. The Z06 model is the successor of the Zr-1 and inherited most of its good traits. The Z06 comes with the Ls6 engine and a lighter frame that makes it quicker than the Zr-1 but has a lower power yield than the double-overhead cam engine of the Zr-1, which makes it slower than its predecessor.

Read more

Seven Reasons Organizational Culture Matters

We spend 40 . . . Or 45 . . . Or 50 . . . Or more hours at work each week. Many of us spend more time with those we work with than we do our families. For us to be content and fulfilled people, that time must be needful for more than a dollar. . .

We want to be engaged in our work. We yearn for work that is enjoyable, meaningful and engaging. When we are engaged we are safer on the job, more productive and more willing and able to pleasure Customers.

It is for these basic reasons that organizational culture matters. It is the right thing for an society to do - to think about the work environment, working relationships and "how we do things here."

Focusing on building and sustaining an organizational culture is one way of showing that citizen are the organization's most needful asset.

There are of procedure many other bottom line business reasons to focus on and build organizational culture. Here are seven of those reasons.

A strong culture is a talent-attractor. Your organizational culture is part of the holder that prospective employees look at when assessing your organization. Gone are the days of selecting the man you want from a large eager pool. The talent market is tighter and those finding for a new society are more selective than ever. The best citizen want more than a wage and good benefits. They want an environment they can enjoy and follow in.

A strong culture is talent-retainer. How likely are citizen to stay if they have other options and don't love where they are? Your organizational culture is a key component of a person's desire to stay.

A strong culture engages people. citizen want to be engaged in their work. agreeing to a Gallup observe at least 22 million American workers are extremely negative or "actively disengaged" - this loss of productivity is estimated to be worth in the middle of 0-0 Billion annually. Your culture can engage people. Engagement creates greater productivity, which can impact profitability. Need I say more?

A strong culture creates power and momentum. Build a culture that is vibrant and allows citizen to be valued and express themselves and you will generate a very real energy. That obvious power will permeate the society and generate a new momentum for success. power is contagious and will build on itself, reinforcing the culture and the attractiveness of the organization.

A strong culture changes the view of "work." Most citizen have a negative connotation of the word work. Work equals drudgery, 9-5, "the salt mine." When you generate a culture that is attractive, people's view of "going to work" will change. Would you rather see work as drudgery or a joy? Which do you think your employees would prefer? Which will lead to the best results?

A strong culture creates greater synergy. A strong culture brings citizen together. When citizen have the occasion to (and are startling to) tell and get to know each other better, they will find new connections. These connections will lead to new ideas and greater productivity - in other words, you will be creating synergy. Literally, 1 + 1 + right culture = more than 10. How is that for leverage?

A strong culture makes every person more successful. Any one of the other six reasons should be guess adequate to focus on organizational culture. But the bottom line is that an speculation of time, talent and focus on organizational culture will give you all of the above benefits. Not only is creating a better culture a good thing to do for the human capital in the business, it makes good business sense too.

Hopefully this article has helped you see that time spent improving your organizational culture will be time wisely invested. Regardless of your current culture, it is never too late to enhance it and to begin creating the benefits described above.

What are you waiting for?

Read more

The Northwest Coast Native American Potlatch Ceremony

One of the most popular ceremonies among Native peoples is the Northwest Coast Native American potlatch (or potlach of Native Indians of the Pacific Northwest). The potlatch has been practiced by Native nations such as the Haida, Salish, Tlingit, Tsimshian and Kwakwaka'wak for thousands of years.

Potlatches can be held to celebrate births, rites of passages, weddings, funerals, puberty and honoring of deceased. These celebrations will typically consist of a feast, music, some theatrical performances intriguing tribal masks and spiritual events. The host family of each potlatch will also demonstrate their wealth and communal status by distributing gifts to the guests. Gifts included food, canoes, blankets, copper and many other types of items. Potlatches will often elevate the prestige of the hosts even more.

Potlatches were also used to vocalize or formally replacement to heirs, inevitable economic or ceremonial privileges. The gifts were therefore used as payments to the guests for being witnesses to claims since written records were not produced.

Lower status families would hold potlatches on a local scale while the elite would request guests from many tribes to grander events. Sometimes, rival families would be in competition to outdo each other in by comparison potlatches. The potlatch itself would either be held inside a large longhouse or outdoors.

Unfortunately, missionaries carefully the potlatch to be demonic and satanic. As a result, they were able to get the Canadian government to ban potlatches in 1885. The Us government also settled a similar ban in the late 19th century. Potlatches continued on a much smaller scale and in secrecy away from non-native eyes. The bans on the potlatch were at last lifted in the Us in 1934 and in Canada in 1951.

Potlatches are still held today but of course, the types of gifts are also more modern and can consist of useful household items, Native art as well as cash.

Read more

Fannie May Chocolates - The History of an American traditional

Fannie May Chocolates has had a long and somewhat tumultuous history, more indicative of the times than of their wonderfully rich brand of chocolates. Nearly a hundred years ago, H. Teller Archibald opened his now celebrated chocolate shop in Chicago, Illinois, intent on selling ability chocolates in the neighborhood. Over the next two-and-half decades, Archibald's dream grew to nearly 50 such stores, scattered conveniently around America. Fannie May was celebrated for her gourmand chocolates and strong sense of commitment to excellence, a sense which would shortly lead to a temporary downfall.

With the coming of World War Ii, many fellowships - not just chocolate fellowships - experienced an unprecedented shortage in the supplies they used to make their own specialty brands of chocolates, and so shifted their recipes temporarily to ingredients that were available. Archibald's firm refused to do this, and paid the price by having to close their many sell market much earlier in the day, when their primary ingredients ran out. They simply refused to compromise quality, even to turn a profit. Sadly, the world doesn't often recompense idealism, and the Fannie May floundered for a time.

Predictably, for such a candy firm with a loyal base of customers, Fannie May returned to the scene in full force after the end of the War. A enthralling campaign of chocolate-making vaulted off the return of their ingredients, and Fannie May introduced new chocolates that swiftly became American favorites. The windfall from enabled them to buy a competitor-company (Fanny Farmer, no relation) in the early 1990s, and strengthen their operation.

Although Fannie May performed admirably for the half-century after World war Ii, their parent firm - Archibald Candy Corporation - didn't do so well overall, and called it quits. This had the safe bet effect of bankrupting Fannie May, as well; although they would not be long without a capable suitor. Alpine Confections Corporation realized the utility of the history, profitability and buyer base of Fannie May and bought the firm shortly afterward, enthralling their base of operations to Ohio in the process, in the year 2004. This would not, however, be her final home.

Fannie May was always going to be worth something; particularly with the raves with regard to her special Mint Meltaways, and two years after the move to Ohio, she was bought by the national conglomerate 1-800-Flowers.com, Inc for nearly 0 million, retention the form of her confectionary brands in Ohio, while allowing the headquarters to remain in her birthplace, Chicago Illinois. She has expanded her repertoire beyond chocolates and candy, and now delights her ever-growing fan base with gift baskets, gourmand foods other than chocolate (and, of course, as well as chocolate), and uniquely tasty trademark chocolate combinations.

Read more

History of Wrangler Jeans Brand

Wrangler is one of the three most favorite American jeans brands. And here is the story of how this brand was born. It all stated in 1897 when a 20-year-old young man called S.S. Hudson came to a small textile town of Greensboro, North Carolina, to find a job. The first job offer Mr. Hudson managed to find was sewing buttons on a factory for 25 cents a day. And in seven years the factory went bankrupt. 1904 S.S. Hudson bought a concentrate of sewing machines, rented a room on the second floor of a grocery shop and registered his own company under the name of "Hudson wide Co.".

The company turned out to be quite a success and 15 years after its establishment it opened the first jeans manufacturing factory. Railroad men liked Hudson's creations to such extent, that they even presented him with a bell, which in policy of time became blue because of small particles of indigo color. S.S. Hudson was inspired and renamed his company, which was then called "Blue Bell wide Co.". 1926 he sold a successfully running company to a textile build "Big Ben" for a hatful of money - 585 thousand dollars.

Six years later the new owner of the company presented new overalls "Super Big Ben Overalls", which would almost not shrink after washing. The overalls didn't lose their form and didn't become shorter, which caused a sensation in those days! It is not surprising that this event laid a foundation for contemporary standards of textile industry.

1943 the company bought an additional one firm manufacturing overalls, "Casey Jones" together with the ownership for a rarely used trademark "Wrangler" (which means "rancher"). The idea was to build extra cowboy trousers surpassing all competitors on the market. However, the thought was realized only in 1947, the valid year of Wrangler jeans creation.

The breakthrough happened thanks to an additional one textile innovation - broken twill denim. Such texture in case,granted balanced structure of the fabric, which from now on no longer intertwined colse to cowboy's legs while wearing. Also the new customized jeans cloth turned out to be softer than primary herringbone one. The jeans were designed by a famed cowboy tailor Rodeo Ben - Ben Lichtenstein - and were for the next two years advertised for by American rodeo celebrities like Jim Shoulders, Bill Pindermann and Frekless Brown. Three of them permanently appeared wearing 13Mwz jeans model by Wrangler, which happened to be the best advertising campaign ever and the most convincing seminar for quality and originality.

Peculiarities of these jeans were dictated by their cowboy nature - they were meant for those who ride a horse. Waist cut prevented a shirt from riding up and trouser legs were a bit longer than normal which prevented them from coming up as well. Triumphant strengthen of new trademark started. 1974 convention tailored jeans by Wrangler were recognized as valid clothes of "Rodeo cowboys association" in the Usa.

However, the brand didn't want to limit itself with American shop only. 1962 Blue Bell became the first American clothes company to open a denim factory in Europe. Wrangler jeans become here no less favorite than in the Usa: a year later "Newsweek" magazine calls European teenager "a surprise in Wrangler cover".

In 1996 each fifth pair of jeans sold in the Usa was man-made by Wrangler. Today the brand exploits not only the cowboy theme, but also Western roots and tradition. Besides, nowadays the trademark commerce a line of clothes for hunters and sportsmen called "ProGear". A "W" letter embroidered on the back pockets has become to one of the most recognizable symbols in the world. In Europe the brand is represented in 22 countries. In the same way as before Wrangler embodies the spirit of explorers and pioneers, spellbinding individuals, hardworking, free and self-confident - the true values of Western civilization, like GetWear.com customized jeans.

Read more

American Food History - A Work in improve

It's a cliché, although a true one, that America is a nation of immigrants. A huge proportion of the country's citizen whether was not born within its borders, or has parents or grandparents who were not. Thus, American food history is as yet a fairly short book, with the exception of Indian fry bread and sure other Native American dishes.

However, it's not a wholly blank book. Let's look at one example in particular, the 1904 World's Fair, the Louisiana purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Mo.

At the turn of the 20th century, the World's Fair was the event to go to nationwide. citizen came from all over on trains, horseback and in cars (which were limited to 10 mph). Of course, they got hungry while they were there, and there was panoply of edible items ready to sate their hunger.

There is any amount of food items that claimed to have been invented at the world's fair. The hot dog is one, although it's well documented that Germans were eating a sandwich they called a "dachshund" for years. However, it was the first time most citizen in the normal social had seen or tasted them.

The same goes for iced tea, cotton candy and hamburgers. None of these food items were assuredly invented at the fair, but the fair is where they came to the national consciousness. It's hard to believe that a megalithic corporation like McDonald's owes its very existence to something as humble as "fair food," but a case could be made that it's true.

One food that assuredly was invented at the fair was the ice cream cone. citizen had experimented with portable containers before, but the waffle cone was first sold publicly at the World's Fair, and it was an instant hit. An edible container, who wouldn't want it?

That's just over a hundred years ago, now. While Europe's food history stretches back centuries, American food history is still being written ... But more every day!

Read more

History of Indiana

Indiana has long been inhabited by Native American peoples, and was part of the Mississippian cultural area.

The territory was claimed as part of the French empire until 1763. Following the Seven Years' War (generally known in the Us as the "French and Indian War"), control of the area passed to Britain. In 1783, after the American Revolution, the area became part of the United States' Northwest Territory.

In 1816, Indiana was the 19th state admitted to the Union. As no slavery was allowed, it made an thoughprovoking destination for immigrants from Kentucky who disapproved of slavery.

At the outset of the American Civil War (1861 to 1865), Indiana was an enthusiastic contributor to the Union cause: more than three times as many men as Lincoln had called for volunteered. As the war went on with heavy casualties, war weariness did gradually begin to set in, and it was finally requisite to introduce recruitment bounties and finally a draft (although 95% of Hoosiers who fought in the civil war were volunteers). Widespread Indiana supplied about 200,000 men to the Union army (about 15% of the state's entire population), and more than one in eight of these lost their lives during the war.

In the late 19th century and early 20th century, commerce began to arrive in Indiana which had previously been an agricultural state. This new commerce included U.S. Steel and a whole of automobile manufacturers. A testing facility for automobiles, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway was built in 1909, and from 1911 it has been the site of the famed Indianopolis 500.

Read more

American Red Cross or American Heart connection Cpr Certification: Which One Should You Get?

I'm a certified instructor for the American Red Cross (Arc) and the American Heart association (Aha). It's simplistic to say that whether the Arc or the Aha has the "better" Cpr classes. In fact, starting in 2011 many of the big differences between the organization's courses disappeared when the Arc shortened their courses. Still, there are differences in price and owner acceptance; hence, depending of what your objective is, one organization's Cpr class may be a best fit for you than the other's. What follows is a brief overview of the similarities and differences between Arc and Aha Cpr classes so you can make an informed decision before enrolling.

Certification Length

For a acceptable Cpr certification, sometimes referred to as Cpr for the layperson, the safe bet option used to be the Aha. Their certifications are good for two years, while the Arc all the time had a one-year certification. That changed on January 1, 2011 when the Arc began giving two-year Cpr certifications as well.

Healthcare providers are required to take a more industrialized Cpr course. Both the Aha's "Basic Life keep for Healthcare Providers" (often just called "Bls") and the Arc's "Cpr for the professional Rescuer" are good for two years.

Class Length

In 2011, the Arc updated their courses and made some big changes. In the past, the Arc's courses were significantly longer than the corresponding Aha courses, and this drove many habitancy to the Aha courses. Now the Arc and Aha courses are about the same length.

Price

In general, Aha courses are slightly less costly than the Arc's. However, Aha prices can vary significantly since inexpressive companies primarily teach them.

Students are required to buy an Aha course manual ahead of time - and they cost between to . Some companies teaching Aha courses contain the manual in their course price and some don't. Find out if the manual is included. If the Aha course manual isn't included, it can make a big incompatibility on the lowest line.

The Arc includes an exquisite skills reference guide with the class price. The Arc course manual is not included in the course price, but I advise buying it (about ) if you want to read in depth about the skills you've learned.

Certification Acceptance

If you need a Cpr certification, ask whomever is requiring it if they prefer an Aha or Arc certification. Many employers and agencies accept one, but not both.

For healthcare providers, the Aha Bls class is frequently the desired certification by employers. In the San Francisco Bay Area, all of the dental societies I've been in experience with only accept Aha's Bls class. And that appears to be the case with some hospitals as well. But again, ask whoever is requiring the healthcare provider certification which society they prefer.

Read more

Buddhist Monks Discovered America Before Columbus

Buddhist Monks Discovered America Before Columbus

Happy Columbus Day -- but, let's not get carried away. After all, Cristoforo Colombo was johnny-come-lately in the American discovery business.

The riddle of who really, really, discovered America continues to fascinate scholars. You can get even money on Columbus (1492), Leif Ericson (1000), Saint Brendan (545) or Hwui Shan (458).

Hwui Shan who? That is not his true house name but is a Chinese term meaning Very Intelligent. Shan was born in land-locked Afghanistan and became a Buddhist monk. He was among 40 other young monks who set out to carry the words of Buddha to the ends of the earth.

They spent a few years in China which at that time navigated the open oceans with the aid of an instrument then unknown elsewhere -- the compass. We know that early Chinese ships sailed on regular schedules with ships capable of carrying 300 passengers.

Shan heard tales by sailors about countries beyond the "Eastern Ocean" -- a vast body of water the Spanish explorer Balboa would "discover" fifteen-hundred years later and name Pacific.

Chinese navigators knew there was land on the other side of the "Eastern Ocean" -- just as Columbus knew the earth was round and that at last he would reach land across the Atlantic.

The young monks were intrigued by accounts of a remarkable land where "trees grew a mile tall, silk worms were seven feet long, and birds had three legs."

A third-century Chinese poet, for example, had written of far eastern lands:

"East of the Eastern Ocean lie/ The shores of the Land of Fusang./ If, after landing there, you travel/ East for 10,000 li/ You will come to another ocean, blue/ Vast, huge, boundless." (The Atlantic?) The Chinese were among the earliest boat builders and navigators. Archeological discoveries in California and Central America bear out ancient contacts with Orientals.

The Japan Current -- a strong river within the Pacific -- speeds along at 70 to 100 miles per day in the first stages of its policy eastward to the southern reaches of Central America before swinging west. It is positive that pre-history sailors used this current as an aid in going to and coming from America.

Several of the adventurous monks charted a sea-going junk to take them east until they reached a new land where the teachings of Buddha should be established. Shan, the apparent leader, kept meticulous records of the directions and distances they traveled. His descriptions of the people, animals and plants encountered make it easy to trace the journey.

His journal indicates the mendicants sailed northeast of Japan to the Land of Ta-han (the Kamchatka Peninsula of Siberia). From there they traveled 20,000 li (6,600 miles) east and south to the "wonderful land of Fusang." If you trace this route, you end up at Acapulco, Mexico. Shan related that on the way to Fusang he saw a population who raised

herds of "trained reindeer" (Siberia), and other natives with "marked bodies" (tattooed Eskimos). He marveled at giant trees (Oregon and California redwoods).

Finally he arrived at the Land of Fusang and described it thus:

"That region has many fusang trees, and these give it its name. The fusang's leaves look those of the t'ung, and its first sprouts are like bamboo shoots. The population of the country eat them. The fruit is like a pear but reddish. They spin thread from the bark and make coarse cloth from which they make clothing, and from it they also make a finer fabric. The wood is used to build houses, and they use fusang bark to make paper." The word "Mexico" means "land of the maguey" -- or century plant.

Professor Charles Chapman points out that in no other country is there a plant put to such uses as those described by Shan.

Sprouts of the maguey look those of the bamboo, and Mexicans eat them. When shredded, the plant furnishes both coarse and fine fibers from which cloth is woven.

The plant often reaches a height of 30 feet and was cultivated in regular groves in ancient Mexico. Its trunk was used for the beams and rafters of buildings. Its broad leaves were woven into roofs and walls.

The maguey does not have reddish pear-shaped fruit, but a similar cactus sometimes mistaken for it does.

Shan also said: "They have a ideas of writing, but they have no fortresses or walled cities, no soldiery weapons or soldiers, and they do not wage war in that kingdom. "The ground contains no iron, but it has copper. The population do not value gold and silver," wrote Shan. When Cortez conquered Mexico, he also see at the natives' respect for copper and disinterest for gold except as decoration.

Shan stayed 40 years in the Land of Fusang. This was during the superior duration of Mayan rule throughout Central America. Those ancient population had a ideas of hieroglyphic writing. Their calendar was more exact than ours. They had a sophisticated knowledge of mathematics that included a symbol for zero centuries before the opinion was known in Europe.

Mayans mined copper for tools but did not know how to smelt iron. They built cities that were unique in the ancient world because of the lack of fortification. They were a peaceful population who had no enemies until the fierce Toltecs, and later Aztecs, came down from the north and introduced the arts of war.

At age 90, Shan returned to china in 499. There, in a tearful reunion, he presented Emperor Wu Ti with 300 pounds of "silk" from the fusang tree and a mirror made from volcanic glass.

The old priest's catalogue was recorded by the court scribe and entered in the imperial records as an outstanding event of the year. It was published in the year 600 by Li Yan Chu whose books are recognized as the foundation of Chinese history.

Inasmuch as our history today is so strongly oriented to European events, we know minute about early Chinese explorations. However, they were widely read and discussed in the 1880's. California was being extensively advanced at that time, and evidences of ancient Chinese work on were unearthed.

Chinese junks, probably not much larger or stronger than that of Shan and his companions, occasionally put into San Francisco with miners during the Gold Rush. Chinese coins, some dated before the Christian era, were found in any places.

From an historical point of view, Shan's discovery came centuries before there was trade in the middle of East and West to stimulate permanent contacts.

Columbus' epoch travel in 1492 opened up a new world at a time Europeans were ready to decree and exploit it systematically. He was at the right place at the right time. Thus, honor is rightfully due him.

.

Click here for this description on Lindsey Williams's Website

Read more

American Silver Eagle Coins - Brief History and Its Use

The American Silver Eagle Coins were introduced in the year 1986. It is only the city of New York that has the privilege of manufacture these silver bullion coins even today. Its value is due to the nearnessy of such high quantity of silver in it. While a lot of habitancy are of the thought that they should be allowed to buy things with these coins though its face value is a lot lesser than its actual worth.

One can buy the American Silver Eagle Coins in either bullion or proofs. Silver bullion coins are the most popular out of the two. The American Silver Eagle Coins consists of about 99.9% silver and holds a weight of 31.103 grams. The build on the coins was created by Adolphe A Weinman with the image of Lady liberty wrapped in the flag and having a laurel and olive field in her hand.

The build behind the tail side of the coin is with the eagle with arrows in it along with the olive field design. These coins are quite valuable manufacture anyone pay you promptly to buy it. It will not be wrong to say that so far these coins have been created in so many millions and sold to so many habitancy that it makes one of the most ideal investment. As time goes on, the value of each coin increases though it is already worth quite a bit when it is first created. The buyer will be given a certificate of genuineness to know that he has not got a replica one. Have conviction that there will be no good venture than this that you can start off with so that it multiplies manifold.

For those of you that are complex in the marketing industry, these American Silver Eagle Coins are great to have in hand just in case you ever taste a horrible down fall with your marketing business. One can just sell them to make up for the losses. This is one of the most wise venture decisions that one can make. There are so many uses that the silver can be put to than the gold. This is the best thing when one is going straight through financial doom and can come out of it by simply selling it for cash. One can buy the silver rather than the gold and more notably the American Silver Eagle Coins. If you just think about how silver is a lot more affordable but increases in value over time, then you just might want to start investing in buying your American Silver Eagle Coins today.

Read more

American History - Colonial-Indian Relations

The following record lists some simple, informative tips that will help you have a great touch with American History.

So what is American History genuinely all about? The following record includes some moving facts about American History--info you can use, not just the old stuff they used to tell you.

Colonial-Indian Relations

By 1640 the British had solid colonies established along the New England coast and the Chesapeake Bay. In between were the Dutch and the tiny Swedish community. To the west were the traditional Americans, then called Indians.

Sometimes friendly, sometimes hostile, the Eastern tribes were no longer strangers to the Europeans. Although Native Americans benefited from passage to new technology and trade, the disease and thirst for land that the early settlers also brought posed a serious challenge to their long-established way of life.

At first, trade with the European settlers brought advantages: knives, axes, weapons, cooking utensils, fishhooks, and a host of other goods. Those Indians who traded initially had principal benefit over rivals who did not. In response to European demand, tribes such as the Iroquois began to devote more attentiveness to fur trapping while the 17th century. Furs and pelts in case,granted tribes the means to buy colonial goods until late into the 18th century.

Early colonial Native-American relations were an uneasy mix of cooperation and conflict. On the one hand, there were the exemplary relations that prevailed while the first half century of Pennsylvania's existence. On the other were a long series of setbacks, skirmishes, and wars, which almost invariably resulted in an Indian defeat and supplementary loss of land.

The first of the important Native-American uprisings occurred in Virginia in 1622, when some 347 whites were killed, including a amount of missionaries who had just recently come to Jamestown.

If you don't have exact details regarding American History, then you might make a bad choice on the subject. Don't let that happen: keep reading.

Once you begin to move beyond basic background information, you begin to realize that there's more to American History than you may have first thought.

White community of the Connecticut River region touched off the Pequot War in 1637. In 1675 King Philip, the son of the native chief who had made the traditional peace with the Pilgrims in 1621, attempted to unite the tribes of southern New England against supplementary European encroachment of their lands. In the struggle, however, Philip lost his life and many Indians were sold into servitude.

The steady influx of settlers into the backwoods regions of the Eastern colonies disrupted Native-American life. As more and more game was killed off, tribes were faced with the difficult choice of going hungry, going to war, or moving and coming into conflict with other tribes to the west.

The Iroquois, who inhabited the area below lakes Ontario and Erie in northern New York and Pennsylvania, were more victorious in resisting European advances. In 1570 five tribes joined to form the most involved Native-American nation of its time, the "Ho De No Sau Nee," or League of the Iroquois. The league was run by a council made up of 50 representatives from each of the five member tribes. The council dealt with matters tasteless to all the tribes, but it had no say in how the free and equal tribes ran their day-to-day affairs. No tribe was allowed to make war by itself. The council passed laws to deal with crimes such as murder.

The Iroquois League was a strong power in the 1600s and 1700s. It traded furs with the British and sided with them against the French in the war for the dominance of America between 1754 and 1763. The British might not have won that war otherwise.

The Iroquois League stayed strong until the American Revolution. Then, for the first time, the council could not reach a unanimous decision on whom to support. Member tribes made their own decisions, some fighting with the British, some with the colonists, some remaining neutral. As a result, everybody fought against the Iroquois. Their losses were great and the league never recovered.

Of course, it's impossible to put all things about American History into just one article. But you can't deny that you've just added to your insight about American History, and that's time well spent.

Take time to reconsider the points presented above. What you learn may help you overcome your hesitation to take action.

Read more

What Is The point Of History?

When we study about what has happened in the past, we always look at leading figures, leading events, leading groups, ideas, and movements. History is so broad that it can consist of everything from what has happened in Latin America, China and Europe. Studying about history is leading because some of it should be common knowledge. By knowing a bit about what has happened in our world, you can help see why things are the way they are as of know, what will happen in the future, how great minds work, how evil habitancy work and much more. It doesn't hurt to know too much about history.

One basic significance of history is to know enough to do well because your knowledge of it is tested. It can be in the classroom, it can be in the Un, or for a historian meeting. If you do not know enough, than you put yourself at risk of not achieving what you can.

It is also leading to know about world history because you can then educate others who do not know as much. They may not need to know much about history in their superior fields of study but without knowing a little is not acceptable. If you do not know about what has happened, you do not truly understand the word. By finding at what has happened, you can understand cause and effect, how leading ideas and events played out and more.

When you understand history, you understand basic concepts and ideas. You will learn about cause and effect, relationships and human nature. Since history is mainly about what causes the next event or action, habitancy can clearly understand how things are connected to one another. For example, is there is ultimate repression of the habitancy in a distinct country over many years, there will probably be some habitancy who will take the stand to fight back, possibly forming a revolution. Someone else example is when the China government copied their ideals from the communist ideas of Marxism because of what they felt about the majority of the people. Reading supplementary on, if you know enough about history, you can see how people's attitudes and feelings are changed as a consequent of an action. Some of these habitancy may select to use violent tactics or select to use non violent measures. You can understand the nature of these kinds of people.

When you also know about history, you can understand what it authentically means to be in man else's shoes. We all live our own detach lives and select to be affected by what we see nearby us. We can take activity or we can remain passive. When you read about the history of various countries, you can understand the pain, the joy and more that habitancy feel when they do something difficult or amazing. You can understand what it means to have no food, or what is means to be rich and without love. Just like reading a book, history is a big book filled with many real stories. Know you can picture what it is like to live in china while communism or what it means to be an American.

By understanding history, you can understand why things are they way they are right now. Many of the past events and histories in the world have shaped what we are as of now. From the major wars, along with the American Revolution only go to show the nationalism and pride of the habitancy of America. If you look at Africa, you can understand why it is not as contemporary and strong as other countries today. They have been isolated from the world for some time until European colonists came and took over. Countries such as Bolivia are in a horrible situation because of the fact that they were slow to move forward. Globalization affects everyone, but some habitancy are taken advantaged over while other gain much more. If you look at India, you can understand why it freed itself from Britain. Lead by a man who used non-violent actions, they were able to prove that they were being taken advantaged of. You can also understand why countries have conflicts because of territories, because of disputes and more. All of these countries that make up the world today have changed since the starting of time. The presuppose for turn is clear and helps us understand the current place we are in now.

By understanding what has happened in the past and the current situation of today, we can great understand what can happen in the future. By finding at what has happened, we can understand what we should avoid and what we should make better. We live in a country that is strong today because of what the past leaders have all done. If we avoid problems that we have done, such as the Great Depression, we won't have to deal with that ever again. If we understand the significance of friendship and rights, we can make them stronger than ever. If we have read about a qoute that we say should have been taken cared of a long while ago, then you should help out situations that are happening now. Some of these situations consist of Darfur and the war in Iraq. History allows us to make the changes needed to make this a great world.

Lastly, history is so leading because each of us is part of the history that takes place. We may not know much about what is going around, but each of us is a member of what is going on right now. We can select to help out situations that matter to us and do avoid ones that we select not to tackle. Remember, history does not stop at the textbooks, it merely continues until the end of time. Each one of us is a living textbook of what is to come.

Read more

Morels and Other Wild Mushrooms in the History of North American First Nations

While detailed oral histories of First Nations use of indigenous herbs, plants and trees for treatment and cusine are pervasive, very exiguous information of North American aboriginal uses of mushrooms is available. The reasons for this seem self-explanatory.

First, most mushrooms and fungi have exiguous taste, sparse nutritional value and exiguous availability due to their short seasons. Because they did not contribute remedy for ailment, their rarity did not contribute a stimulus to hunt them out as remedial aids. In fact, because such a wide variety of fungi and mushrooms are poisonous, they were more likely to be avoided than sought after.

Second, most mushrooms, including morels, need to be cooked to be palatable. Bordering on bland, even bitter, raw mushrooms would not have been desirable for most natives. In fact, many of the mushrooms have a mild adverse reaction when raw, and can only be eaten when cooked. While hunting or while in transit, First Nations people adored "fast food" on the fly.

Third, most morels and other mushrooms do not handle well in transit. They crush easily, bleed into a soupy mess, or dissolve into nothing in hours in the heat.

Nonetheless, many of the woodland and upland tribes of North America have some history of using early spring crops of morels, hens of the woods, and other quick-blooming mushrooms as a supplement to their meals. For example, northern Cree, Sioux, Ojibwa and Iroquois tribes used morels by drying and powdering them to carry with them. There are documented cases of use of definite mushrooms in rituals and sweat lodge events (probably to trigger out-of-body types of imaginings and hallucinations).

The first wide use of morels in Canada occurred as settlers moved west, with the courier du bois of the Hudson Bay enterprise and the early Scottish, land later Ukrainian settlers of northern Ontario and Manitoba using morels and other mushrooms as they had in Europe. In the Usa, the history of morel harvesting and other mushroom hunting extends back to early Virginia settler days, but is more generally found in American history with the westward settlements from the north-eastern states.

Although the natives of Canada's western regions and border states of Montana, Dakotas and Minnesota have a compassionate history of aiding white settlers with disease and winter survival strategies, this cooperation is not documented in a passing of facts on harvests of morels and mushrooms until the late 1800s and early 20th century. In fact, many of the uses to which morels are currently put by First Nations people come from white influence!

Native Americans were adept at using approximately any element of their surroundings to sustain in survival. No doubt, use of morels in meals occurred, but the documentation of this convention is limited.

Read more

Copa America History and Facts

Copa America History & Facts

On the 1st of July, the Copa America 2011 will start. Copa America, or America Cup, was first staged in 1916 in Argentina. It is an international relationship football tournament that involves only South American national teams. It is similar to the Euro, and in its history of the past 96 years, spectators have been able to watch some of the best football matches that have ever been staged. The powerhouses of football are Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil and the other competitive teams have always given sterling performances to capture the hearts of their fans.

The next Copa America tournament is just days away because it will start on July 1, 2011 and it will last for a month. It will be held in Argentina and 12 teams will participate. Argentina and Uruguay have been the most flourishing teams as they have won the title 14 times each. Brazil has won it 8 times and Paraguay and Peru winning it 2 times each. Columbia and Bolivia have one title each to their credit. This year's tournament is incredible to be very formidable because of the in-depth strength of the South American national teams. Among all sporting events of the world, Copa America is believed to be the most widely viewed.

The History of Copa America Tournament:

The first Copa America tournament in 1916 was held in Argentina in the middle of July 2 and July 17. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Chile participated in it and Uruguay won the title after tying 0-0 with Argentina in the choosing final match. The success of this tournament acted as a catalyst for the Uruguayan Football relationship to originate a confederation of the football associations of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay and Conmebol was founded. In 1917, the tournament was held for a second time and Uruguay won it again by beating Argentina 1-0 in the finals. The next tournament was held in 1919 in Brazil and the host country won the title for the first time. In 1921, Paraguay participated for the first time.

Rules of Copa America:

There are two stages in the Copa America tournament 2011. In the group stages, three groups with four teams in each group are created by using the Fifa world rankings to distribute the teams in some pots. Teams are then drawn randomly from the pots and allocated to the three groups. Each team will play the other teams in its group and on the basis of points two top teams from each group will emerge and advance to the knockout stage.

If two or more teams get the same estimate of points and are equal on other criteria, the final decision to pick the teams to advance to the knockout stage will be based on certain criteria about the estimate of goals and by drawing of lots.

In the knockout stages, each of the eight teams will be paired randomly and will take part in a single-elimination competition. Each match will be 90 minutes and if it is still a tie even after a 15-minute extra time duration in each half, the winner will be decided on the basis of penalties. The same pattern will be followed for the semi finals and then the finals. The two defeated teams in the semis will also clash in a third-place match.

Argentina is the host country for Copa America 2011. It has taken the World Cup twice and the America Cup 14 times. The predictions are that both Argentina and Uruguay are the favorites to win the championship in 2011.

Read more

Latin American Food And Its History

Thanks to the geographical location from the United States while using Latin American countries, the its meals has turn out to be very well-known while using Americans. From tacos to roasted pork to fried plantains, name them and you are going to get it in quite a few from the American shops. This foodstuff is ideal known for it nothing else but is techniques of preparing that is labor oppressive and also for it nothing else but is bold flavors.

Should you still have not been fortunate adequate to try out the Latin American food, I am distinct that after reading the description the initial factor that you are going to do is go to your nearest bistro and order for the many dish offered. But ahead of putting your teeth in to the tasty food, learning regarding the Latin American foods history, will make the meal additional enjoyable.

Historical past on the Latin American Meal

Just like the cuisine, even the historical past in the meal is complicated too as unique. It is a composition of dissimilar cultures and dissimilar traditions. Just before the Europeans discovered South America, the latter knew all about cultivating an array of plants. They had had adequate knowledge in regards to the irrigation system, the terrace farming on the mountain slopes. They knew about tips on how to grow corns and lima beans, potatoes, sweet potatoes, chili peppers, avocados, peanuts and chocolates and also how you can raise llamas and guinea pigs. Each region from the Latin America, had it nothing else but is personal extra cuisine.

Then came the Europeans, the Asians (Chinese as well as the Japanese), along with the Africans (slaves), and they incorporated a amount of their personal ideas and traditions in to the Latin culture, and vice-versa. There was a composition in the Latin American foods lifestyle as well as the meal lifestyle with the other civilizations. The Europeans introduced the pigs, chickens, citrus trees, wheat, almonds, cows and goats and took back to their country a amount of the foods habits from the Latin Americans. The Asians, mainly the Chinese as well as the Japanese immigrants, came to this land while using issue that Asians are well-known for; spices. The Africans came to Latin America as slaves. Throughout their meal time, they were given those pieces of meat which no a single ate. The slaves modified these inedible meal items with whatever they got and transformed it into something new and better, which was taken to the Latin American traditions.

The vast diversity inside the South American meal lifestyle was not only due to the fact on the colonizers or even the immigrants or even the slaves, but also due to the fact from the any traditions followed within the continent. The foods lifestyle in Brazil was varied from that of Cuba, or that of Argentina or even the Mexican meal along with the rest in the nations within the continent. Cultural replacement between these nations is also responsible for the vast diversity within the Latin American foods traditions.

Now that we know in regards to the history, let us take a look at a amount of the beloved Latin American foods solutions.

Some Prevalent Meals Merchandise in the Latin Americans

A few of the beloved meal solutions which you may be able to appreciate when you're in 1 in the nations on the Latin America, are

* Corn
* Maize
* Peppers
* Tropical fruits like coconut, mango, lucuma, etc.
* Queso fresco/ Queso blanco that is a fresh cheese, applied for Latin American cooking
* Yucca or cassava, the starchy, edible roots with the yucca plant

Therefore, these are a amount of the prevalent Latin American meals merchandise which forms an needful part of their staple diet.

Read more

The Whosie-Whatsit War - How the French and Indian War Shaped Us History

To call the French and Indian War America's "forgotten war" would be misleading, since that doesn't leave any good nicknames for the Barbary Wars, the War of 1812, the Spanish-American War, the Philippine-American War, or the Korean War. Otherwise, the title fits; the hugely influential French and Indian war, fought in the middle of Britain, France, some Native American nations, and the colonials, is responsible for the fact that, among other things, the Us is down here and French Canada is way up there.

Up until the war started in 1754, Britain's then-small strip of North American colonies was hemmed in on all sides by the Atlantic, the French to the north and west, and the Spanish down in Florida and parts of Georgia and Alabama. In fact, more territory in what is now the Us had been claimed by France than by Britain. Imagine a French modern-day Missouri. Or Kentucky. Or Minnesota, don'tcha know. In the meantime, the Native Americans remaining in the areas had been forced to take sides - though many groups, such as the Iroquois League, made the most of the encroachment by negotiating private agreements with both parties.

The trouble all started when a dispute arose over the Ohio Valley area. In 1753, at just 21 years of age, George Washington was assigned by the British governor of Virginia to go tell the French to skedaddle. With no soldiery training or prior experience, he led his men through 500 miles of wilderness to complete his mission - only to be rebuffed by the French. Within a year, he was ordered to return to the Forks of the Ohio to build a competing British fort, only this time, he would be accompanied by Tanaghrisson, governor of the Delawares, Shawnees, and Mingos of the Ohio Valley. Along the way, Washington entered into a skirmish with the French just exterior of modern-day Pittsburgh. The British won and all went swimmingly until Tanaghrisson decided to slaughter the captured French officer and his wounded soldiers during negotiations.

Thus (unofficially) began the French and Indian War, which would ultimately supervene in the British takeover of all French territory in North America. The Brits fared horribly for the first few years due to an arrogant unwillingness to align themselves with natives and an comprehensive snootiness toward their "inferior" colonial subjects. (Note to self: ranking colonial officers below British infantry is not a morale booster.) Actually, Britain's decisive victory couldn't have been achieved without the fact that Prussia happened to invade the Austrian protectorate of Saxony in 1756.

Before you start getting any wild ideas about Chaos Theory, keep in mind that Britain and France were engaged in the Seven Years' War back in Europe, and that Prussia and Austria were British and French allies, respectively. Prussia's invasion therefore forced Britain and France to commit themselves to fighting on the European mainland, giving their colonial subjects more free time to duke it out among themselves. By 1758, after Britain had done some serious rethinking of how to treat its colonials, so many eager North American soldiery had enlisted that Britain's soldiery swelled to 50,000 - which was practically equal to the whole white population of the French territories. That, plus a petite help from their ole friend smallpox, allowed the British to handily defeat its French and native rivals, winning Canada and all the land east of the Mississippi in the process.

In transfer for restoring Cuba to French-allied Spain, Britain also received the Spanish holdings in the Florida area. But agreeing to Britain's proclamation of 1763, all land west of the Appalachians was to be preserved as Native American soil. The British had hoped to stem the westward tide of colonial settlers, but instead, the proclamation just pissed everyone off. Fortunately for the colonials, the French were pretty bitter about their North American defeat, which came in great handy when the American Revolution rolled colse to just over a decade later. And thanks to George Washington's arduous wilderness training, the rest was Us history.

Read more

African American Music; The History Of

When I saw this title, I was afraid and I'm still afraid concerning my understanding about the subject. The field is complex and difficult so I cannot decide it overnight. I am an African. I do things the African way. I cannot write about African American music like a Western scholar. In my culture we live the past and the future in the present. When I listen to some African American music I can feel the past, the gift and the future all at the same time. Now, the best way for me to deal with this field is to work by questions and answers.

[Question] Yaya! Who do you think you are?

Yaya Diallo - I don't think! I am Farafin, which means I am a dark skin man. The word Africa is the Arabic name for our continent. In Bambara we call the so-called "Africa" Farafina. Farafina means the land of dark skin people. I am from Farafina and I am proud of it. I don't want to be somebody else. Habitancy in normal say African American. I would say American Farafin, which means dark skin human being who lives in America.

[Question] What is your African background?

Yaya Diallo - I come from far away. I was born in 1946 in Fienso (French Sudan), now Mali. My parents were nomadic. When I was very young I used to trip a lot. I grew up in the bush far from any western civilization. The music that I heard was very former and played live. I did not have a radio or Tv. I had the chance to listen to the music of the distinct ethnic groups from the Ivory Coast, Burkina and Ghana. In some villages I heard Muslim songs coming from the mosques. By night, I would enjoy the frog symphonic orchestras. From 1946 to 1960 I was living in complete nature. My musical training is a long story but you can learn more from my book The curative Drum.

[Question] What are your feelings about the civilized world?

Yaya Diallo - In the city I had strange feelings. I saw Habitancy listen to music through what I understanding was two kinds of boxes. The first was a radio. You could turn the singer with the tuning button, I thought. The second needed records. It read 78, 45 and 33 1/2. You had to adjust all things with something but I did not have a clue as to what. Even still, the only music that I heard was the Beatles, Rolling Stones and Johnny Holliday.

[Question] What do you think about the word African American?

Yaya Diallo - Dark skin Habitancy living in America are not distinct from Habitancy I met in Africa (Farafina). To me they are just distinct ethnic groups like the Yoruba, the Bantou, the Zoulou or the Touareg. Africa is not one culture. We have thousands and thousands of languages and distinct music. My wife is an African American from Louisville, Ky. Her mom is from Dark Corner, Ms and her father from Jackson, Tn. Like my wife and house there was one African American man, James Brown, who saved my life with his music.

[Question] How can an African American man save the life of a former African?

Yaya Diallo - In 1967 I left my country to go to Montreal, Canada. On my way, in Paris, I saw a big picture of James Brown in the Olympia Theater. In my mind I thought, "Oh! A black man in Olympia in Paris, France." In Montreal I was looking for a place to dance or listen to the music that I loved. One day I found a radio center that played black music. I heard James Brown and felt at home.

[Question] What do you think about African American music?

Yaya Diallo - I all the time say that I don't think, I feel. When we talk about African American music we talk about Spirituals, Blues, Funk, Jazz, Gospel, Rap, dance music, etc. I want to talk on each one by one.

When Habitancy in Canada were dancing the twist, jerk and go-go, in my country a French man named Johnny Holliday was playing bad versions of Wilson Pickett and Ray Charles' music in French. In America I found out this French man was a robber. He stole the music, sang it in French and looked like a genius for us Africans.

[Question] What did you feel when you started to dance?

Yaya Diallo - I used to go out to dance to Wilson Pickett, James Brown, and Sly and the house Stone's music. For me they were Africans. They had good beats, good feelings and most important, African Soul. I did not feel that from Chinese or European music. In the 70s I discovered the Funk music, The O'Jays, Parliament, Ohio Players, Kool and the Gang and Jr Walker and the All Stars. I felt I was at home when I knew the Motown house (Smokey Robinson, Diana Ross and the Supremes, the Temptations and Stevie Wonder). I could survive because I had those kinds of musicians.

[Question] In terms of music, what is the link between African and African Americans?

Yaya Diallo - African Americans are Africans from the community and sadly they just don't know it! When you listen to the music you can find out. Kool and The Gang played Funky Stuff. When you listen to the drum part you will get the Dounouba part of the dance Sounou. Sounou was played in the 15th century and today is the dance young Habitancy love. In Africa we learn the past in the gift and teach it to the next generation. The African Americans sometimes do not know how African they are.

[Question] Why can you say that they are African?

Yaya Diallo - The first time I heard the Four Tops I understanding I was listening to the Bambara Farmers in the evening after a hard working day. The Temptations reminded me of the men Fire dancers and singers. I can listen to Temptations but I am afraid to see them. I am not initiated to the Fire dance and the music brings out memories about the private ceremonies that happened afar in the village. Aretha Franklin is for me a great Djeli-mousso coming from the Empire of Mali in the 13th century. When I listen to African American music I don't worry about the meaning, only what I feel.

[Question] What do you think about Jazz?

Yaya Diallo - Really, to tell the truth, I don't feel jazz. Many Habitancy coming from Africa feel the same way. I learned about jazz in 1980 when I recorded my first album, Nangape, on Onzou Records. That opened the door for me with jazz. Jazz magazines like Cadence and Down Beat wrote articles on me like I was a "jazz man." I was invited to do workshops at the Creative Music Studio in Woodstock, Ny. I met jazz big names like Art Blakey. He said, "Yaya is the only African that I can jazz, that I can play with and be comfortable." I completed a trio with Don Cherry and Ed Blackwell in the Symphony Space in New York.

[Question] What about Gospel?

Yaya Diallo - To me gospel means religion or church but my father-in-law changed my mind. When going to church with him I saw a big band and a big choir. Habitancy were singing and I forgot that I was in church. I was surprised; I saw ladies in a trance like in my community but they called it shouting. This reminded me of the Mania private society where only woman go into a trance when praising god (See The curative Drum).

[Question] What is rap?

Yaya Diallo - I love rap! I use to lie about buying rap and say that it was for my children. Rap is the old tradition of the Fulani Habitancy in Mali. It tells life stories through poetry that is recited quickly. Nomadic Habitancy have to illustrate their daily journey through this same quick form, but without the foul language. Today, the young Habitancy think that they have reinvented the wheel.

[Question] Yaya, what is wrong with African American music today?

Yaya Diallo - Today all things is easy. Instead of buying a drum set you buy a drum machine. Computers do everything. You can get almost every sound by pressing a button. This is the type of world that we live in today. The young Africans love it like we used to love James Brown. Time is the only thing that has changed!

[Question] How did African American music turn American Society?

Yaya Diallo - We changed everything! We changed the style of dance; we created new sounds, new styles, and new way to dress ... Everything! Country music is the white version of the Blues. Rock-n-roll comes from our music. Habitancy forget that Jimmie Hendricks was a Blues player that just changed his sound and look. Without James Brown, Sly and house Stone and the Motown house there would be no Madonna, no Celiene Dion, no techno, and no disco. African Americans brought this to the world. It is sad because Habitancy do not recognize it. We changed the world and it will never be the same again.

[Question] How do Habitancy know you in America?

Yaya Diallo - I am the author of two books, The curative Drum and At the Threshold of the African Soul. I have four Cds, Nanagape, The curative Drum, Dombaa Folee, and Dounoukan. I thank Onzou Records, the first enterprise that trusted me to make my first album in 1980. That was not easy!

Read more