A History of Nursing Uniforms

A History of Nursing Uniforms-History Name

Before the 19th Century, nursing was just an additional one daily chore or duty of women folk. Whether in the home or in the street, women have always used their nurturing dispositions and instinctive nursing and healing abilities to comfort, and in some cases cure, the sick and injured.

History Name

In the home, women tended their own children and attended at the births of other children. In a time before hospitals, every person could benefit from some knowledge of first aid and midwifery.

On the streets, unmarried women often traveled colse to poor districts where families could not afford a doctor's house call, and performed services for free in the name of the local condition factory or the city.

By the 19th Century, these nurses wore a servant's uniform, with white gathered or banded cap and a long print dress with a white apron. Some nurses began to work for wealthy households, but most nursing, as a profession, still took to the streets. Therefore, nursing was not well respected for some time. The nurses of the age contributed somewhat to their own ill-repute. Without families, they often spent nights in their lodgings or in the hospital basements drinking and carousing.

By the 1840s district nurses had come to be more common, and started to gain some respect. Somewhat trained nurses who worked for the city or local condition board wore a more ladylike and sometimes more matronly version of a servants outfit.

Since it was leading for these newly trained nurses to be recognized on the street, an outdoor and indoor uniform ideas was designed. When the nurses walked the streets (or rode motorbikes!) in poor neighborhoods they wore cloaks, coats, and warm hats, and changed into their pretty white "indoor" hats and apron inside.

By 1880, Florence Nightingale's work had turned nursing into a more reputable occupation, and she established a schooling ideas for nurses. They had to have confident uniforms to separate them from coarse untrained women who acted as aids for the soldiery or in the few hospitals.

A hat and band ideas was devised to identify nurses of different rank. Depending on the school, a nurse would star with bands of pink, blue, or other pastel ribbon, and advance up to a black band of ribbon. A trainee did not even have a hat until she passed three months of training. And even then, her hat could be revoked for poor behavior, like smoking in the hospital. In the future, this rank ideas would help usher the hats out of uniform chic. The convention of using them for discipline would finally be deemed cruel.

At the turn of the century the uniform started to get even more differentiated from servants' clothing. The breast and collar of the dress got more detail (pockets, button down style top, pointy collars), a bib covered the torso and gathered at the waist with an apron below. The fabric of the main dress was solid. This new tailored look was in disagreement with the formless apron and dress the coarse slave wore.

Hats start to show sway of nun's coifs, which brought the nursing uniform a borrowed look of respectability. The two professions merged at times however, and sister/nurses undoubtedly had some of the most amazingly designed and amazingly huge hats nursing would ever see.

At the start of the First World War, functionality became the most leading feature in a nurse's uniform. War brought untold numbers of casualties into the nurses' tents, and care had to be fast and efficient. Bulky aprons sometimes disappeared altogether, cleanliness of appearance going by the wayside. Skirts shortened for better mobility, and short or rolled up sleeves became the norm.

The blend of this need for functionality and the desire to articulate a feminine look to the uniform produced after the wars the most familiar, and probably the most intriguing and useful nurse's uniform in history - the one we think of when we fantasize a nurse.

Between the World Wars and in the brief duration of prosperity in the 1930s, nursing fashion began to mimic fashion at large. Nursing was a beloved profession for females at the time, and magazines and newspapers were constantly calling for new recruits. Women had only recently gone into the workforce in any important number, and for a young woman nursing was an intriguing and intriguing option compared with, say, typing or sewing. It was a carport job, and what great clothes she got to wear!

In the 1950s hats as ranking identifiers began to be de-emphasized, as it was believed the ideas led to low morale among trainees. The hat was also considered feminine, and by no longer requiring it the hospitals hope to attract more male trainees. Uniforms became less starched and even less involved - bigger hospitals meant more patients and faster paces and the laundry couldn't keep up. Straightforward folded hats and paper hats supplanted the crown-like caps, and more comfortable, less form fitting designs appeared for the dresses. Everything had to be wash-and-wear.

By the late 1970s the hat had disappeared practically thoroughly in the U.S. The new trend in nursing fashion, scrubs appear on the scene (for men anyway). Uniforms began to look more like quarterly clothing or in some cases like doctor's coats. Hospitals had begun to employ aids and candy-stripers, and nursing staff did not wish to appear in uniform as these untrained staffers were required to do.

Today the differentiation in the middle of nurses, doctors, staff, etc. Is only denoted by accessories and nametags. At most U.S. Hospitals, every person wears scrubs at all times to preclude the spread of infectious diseases. Doctors wear coats, nurses may sometimes don a warm-up jacket, but for the most part, men and women, doctors and sustain staff alike are all in some shade or pattern of loose drawstring pants and v-neck t-shirts. In Britain, uniforms are more widely used in nursing, and doctors still wear their own clothes exterior of the Or.

Today's scrubs are available in hundreds of styles, colors and patterns. Whether you are a woman who wants a fitted look, a male nurse who prefers a darker colored wardrobe than the one his hospital has to offer, or a nurse who wants to brighten a patient's day with a whimsical pattern, the vast resources of nursing apparel available on the internet today are sure to offer even the most fashionable of nurses Everything he or she needs to create the exquisite nursing wardrobe.

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The development of Old Age and connected Issues

The development of Old Age and connected Issues-American History

In traditional Chinese and other Asian cultures the aged were extremely respected and cared for. The Igabo tribesmen of Eastern Nigeria value dependency in their aged and involve them in care of children and the administration of tribal affairs (Shelton, A. In Kalish R. Uni Michigan 1969).

American History

In Eskimo culture the grandmother was pushed out into the ice-flow to die as soon as she became useless.

Western societies today ordinarily resemble to some degree the Eskimo culture, only the "ice-flows" have names such a "Sunset Vista" and the like. Younger generations no longer assign status to the aged and their abandonment

is all the time in danger of becoming the social norm.

There has been a tendency to take off the aged from their homes and put them  in custodial care. To some degree the government provides domiciliary care services to preclude or delay this, but the motivation probably has more

to do with price than humanity.

In Canada and some parts of the Usa old people are being utilised as foster-grandparents in child care agencies.

Some Basic Definitions

What is Aging?

Aging: Aging is a natural phenomenon that refers to changes occurring throughout the life span and corollary in differences in structure and function between the juvenile and elder generation.

Gerontology: Gerontology is the study of aging and includes science, psychology and sociology.

Geriatrics: A relatively new field of treatment specialising in the health problems of industrialized age.

Social aging: Refers to the social habits and roles of individuals with respect to their culture and society. As social aging increases personel ordinarily touch a decrease in meaningful social interactions.

Biological aging: Refers to the bodily changes in the body systems while the later decades of life. It may begin long before the individual  reaches chronological age 65.

Cognitive aging: Refers to decreasing quality to assimilate new facts and learn new behaviours and skills.

General Problems Of Aging

Eric Erikson (Youth and the life cycle. Children. 7:43-49 Mch/April 1960) industrialized an "ages and stages" system of human

development that complex 8 stages after birth each of which complex a basic dichotomy representing best case and worst case outcomes. Below are the dichotomies and their developmental relevance:

Prenatal stage - understanding to birth.

1. Infancy. Birth to 2 years - basic trust vs. Basic distrust. Hope.

2. Early childhood, 3 to 4 years - autonomy vs. Self doubt/shame. Will.

3. Play age, 5 to 8 years - initiative vs. Guilt. Purpose.

4. School age, 9to 12 - commerce vs. Inferiority. Competence.

5. Adolescence, 13 to 19 - identity vs. Identity confusion. Fidelity.

6. Young adulthood - intimacy vs. Isolation. Love.

7. Adulthood, generativity vs. Self absorption. Care.

8. Mature age- Ego Integrity vs. Despair. Wisdom.

This stage of older adulthood, i.e. Stage 8, begins about the time of retirement and continues throughout one's life. Achieving ego integrity  is a sign of maturity while failing to reach this stage is an indication of poor improvement in prior stages straight through the life course.

Ego integrity: This means arrival to accept one's whole life and reflecting on it in a clear manner. According to Erikson, achieving

integrity means fully accepting one' self and arrival to terms with death. Accepting accountability for one's life and being able to review

the past with satisfaction is essential. The inability to do this leads to despair and the personel will begin to fear death. If a favourable balance is achieved while this stage, then wisdom is developed.

Psychological and personality aspects:

Aging has psychological implications. Next to dying our recognition that we are aging may be one of the most profound shocks we ever receive. Once we pass the invisible line of 65 our years are bench marked for the remainder of the game of life. We are no longer "mature age" we are instead classified as "old", or "senior citizens". How we cope with the changes we face and stresses of altered status depends on our basic personality. Here are 3 basic personality types that have been identified. It may be a oversimplification but it makes the point about personality effectively:

a. The autonomous - people who seem to have the resources for self-renewal. They may be dedicated to a goal or idea and committed to chronic productivity. This appears to protect them somewhat even against physiological aging.

b.The adjusted - people who are rigid and lacking in adaptability but are supported by their power, credit or well structured routine. But if their situation changes drastically they become psychiatric casualties.

c.The anomic. These are people who do not have clear inner values or a protective life vision. Such people have been described as prematurely resigned and they may deteriorate rapidly.

Summary of stresses of old age.

a. retirement and reduced income. Most people rely on work for self worth, identity and social interaction. Forced retirement can be demoralising.

b. Fear of invalidism and death. The increased probability of falling prey to illness from which there is no saving is a continual

source of anxiety. When one has a heart attack or stroke the stress becomes much worse.

Some persons face death with equanimity, often psychologically supported by a religion or philosophy. Others may welcome death as an end to suffering or insoluble problems and with microscopic concern for life or human existence. Still others face impending death with suffering of great stress against which they have no ego defenses.

c. Isolation and loneliness. Older people face clear loss of loved ones, friends and contemporaries. The loss of a spouse whom one has depended on for companionship and moral keep is particularly distressing. Children grow up, marry and become preoccupied or move away. Failing memory, optical and aural impairment may all work to make social interaction difficult. And if this

then leads to a souring of outlook and rigidity of attitude then social interaction becomes added lessened and the personel may not even utilise the avenues for social operation that are still available.

d. Reduction in sexual function and bodily attractiveness. Kinsey et al, in their Sexual behaviour in the human male,

(Phil., Saunders, 1948) found that there is a gradual decrease in sexual operation with advancing age and that reasonably gratifying patterns of sexual operation can continue into ultimate old age. The aging man also has to adapt to loss of sexual amenity in a community which puts ultimate emphasis on sexual attractiveness. The adjustment in self image and self understanding that are required can be very hard to make.

e. Troops tending to self devaluation. Often the touch of the older generation has microscopic perceived relevance to the problems of the young and the older man becomes deprived of participation in decision development both in occupational and house settings. Many parents are seen as unwanted burdens and their children may secretly wish they would die so they can be free of the burden and touch some financial relief or benefit. Senior citizens may be pushed into the role of being an old man with all this implies in terms of self devaluation.

4 Major Categories of Problems or Needs:

Health.

Housing.

Income maintenance.

Interpersonal relations.

Biological Changes

Physiological Changes: Catabolism (the breakdown of protoplasm) overtakes anabolism (the build-up of protoplasm). All body systems are affected and heal systems become slowed. The aging process occurs at different rates in different individuals.

Physical appearance and other changes:

Loss of subcutaneous fat and less elastic skin gives rise to wrinkled appearance, sagging and loss of smoothness of body contours. Joints stiffen and become painful and range of joint movement becomes restricted, general

mobility lessened.

Respiratory changes:

Increase of fibrous tissue in chest walls and lungs leads restricts respiratory movement and less oxygen is consumed. Older people more likelyto have lower respiratory infections whereas young people have upper respiratory infections.

Nutritive changes:

Tooth decay and loss of teeth can detract from ease and enjoyment in eating. Atrophy of the taste buds means food is inclined to be coarse and this should be taken into account by carers. Digestive changes occur from lack of practice (stimulating intestines) and decrease in digestive juice production. Constipation and indigestion are likely to corollary as a result. Financial problems can lead to the elderly eating an excess of cheap carbohydrates rather than the more expensive protein and vegetable foods and this exacerbates the problem, important to reduced vitamin intake and such problems as anemia and increased susceptibility to infection.

Adaptation to stress:

All of us face stress at all ages. Adaptation to stress requires the consumption of energy. The 3 main phases of stress are:

1. First alarm reaction. 2. Resistance. 3. Exhaustion

and if stress continues tissue damage or aging occurs. Older persons have had a lifetime of dealing with stresses. Power reserves are depleted and the older man succumbs to stress earlier than the younger person. Stress is cumulative over a lifetime. Research results, along with experiments with animals suggests that each stress leaves us more vulnerable to the next and that although we might think we've "bounced back" 100% in fact each stress leaves it scar. Further, stress is psycho-biological meaning

the kind of stress is irrelevant. A bodily stress may leave one more vulnerable to psychological stress and vice versa. Rest does not completely restore one after a stressor. Care workers need to be mindful of this and cognizant of the kinds of things that can yield stress for aged persons.

Cognitive convert Habitual Behaviour:

Sigmund Freud noted that after the age of 50, treatment of neuroses via psychoanalysis was difficult because the opinions and reactions of older people were relatively fixed and hard to shift.

Over-learned behaviour: This is behaviour that has been learned so well and repeated so often that it has become automatic, like for example typing or running down stairs. Over-learned behaviour is hard to change. If one has lived a long time one is likely to have fixed opinions and ritualised behaviour patterns or habits.

Compulsive behaviour: Habits and attitudes that have been learned in the policy of finding ways to overcome disappointment and difficulty are very hard to break. Tension reducing habits such as nail biting, incessant humming, smoking or drinking alcohol are especially hard to convert at any age and particularly hard for persons who have been practising them over a life time.

The psychology of over-learned and compulsive behaviours has severe implications for older persons who find they have to live in what for them is a new and alien environment with new rules and power relations.

Information acquisition:

Older people have a continual background of neural noise development it more difficult for them to sort out and explain complex sensory

input. In talking to an older man one should turn off the Tv, eliminate as many noises and distractions as possible, talk slowly

and describe to one message or idea at a time.

Memories from the distant past are stronger than more new memories. New memories are the first to fade and last to return.

Time patterns also can get mixed - old and new may get mixed.

Intelligence.

Intelligence reaches a peak and can stay high with microscopic deterioration if there is no neurological damage. people who have unusually high brain to begin with seem to suffer the least decline. Education and stimulation also seem to play a role in maintaining intelligence.

Intellectual impairment. Two diseases of old age causing cognitive decline are Alzheimer's syndrome and Pick's syndrome. In Pick's syndrome there is inability to couple and learn and also affective responses are impaired.

Degenerative Diseases: Slow progressive bodily degeneration of cells in the nervous system. Genetics appear to be an important factor. ordinarily start after age 40 (but can occur as early as 20s).

Alzheimer'S Disease Degeneration of all areas of cortex but particularly frontal and temporal lobes. The affected cells genuinely die. Early symptoms resemble neurotic disorders: Anxiety, depression, restlessness sleep difficulties.

Progressive deterioration of all intellectual faculties (memory insufficiency being the most well known and obvious). Total mass of the brain decreases, ventricles become larger. No established treatment.

Pick'S Disease Rare degenerative disease. Similar to Alzheimer's in terms of onset, symptomatology and potential genetic

aetiology. Any way it affects circumscribed areas of the brain, particularly the frontal areas which leads to a loss of general affect.

Parkinson'S Disease Neuropathology: Loss of neurons in the basal ganglia.

Symptoms: Movement abnormalities: rhythmical alternating tremor of extremities, eyelids and tongue along with rigidity of the muscles and slowness of movement (akinesia).

It was once understanding that Parkinson's disease was not related with intellectual deterioration, but it is now known that there is an connection between global intellectual impairment and Parkinson's where it occurs late in life.

The cells lost in Parkinson's are related with the neuro-chemical Dopamine and the motor symptoms of Parkinson's are related the dopamine deficiency. treatment involves administration of dopamine precursor L-dopa which can alleviate symptoms along with intellectual impairment. Research suggests it may possibly bring to the fore emotional effects in patients who have had

psychiatric illness at some prior stage in their lives.

Affective Domain In old age our self understanding gets its final revision. We make a final estimation of the value of our lives and our balance of success and failures.

How well a man adapts to old age may be predicated by how well the man adapted to earlier important changes. If the man suffered an emotional accident each time a important convert was needed then adaptation to the exigencies of old age may also be difficult. Factors such as economic security, geographic location and bodily health are important to the adaptive process.

Need Fulfilment: For all of us, According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory, we are not free to pursue the higher needs of self actualisation unless the basic needs are secured. When one considers that many, possibly most, old people are living in poverty and continually concerned with basic survival needs, they are not likely to be happily satisfying needs related to prestige, achievement and beauty.

Maslow's Hierarchy

Physiological

Safety

Belonging, love, identification

Esteem: Achievement, prestige, success, self respect

Self actualisation: Expressing one's interests and talents to the full.

Note: Old people who have secured their basic needs may be motivated to work on tasks of the top levels in the hierarchy - activities concerned with aesthetics, creativity and altruistic matters, as compensation for loss of sexual amenity and athleticism. Aged care workers fixated on getting old people to focus on social activities may only corollary in frustrating and irritating them if their basic survival concerns are not secured to their satisfaction.

Disengagement

Social aging According to Cumming, E. And Henry, W. (Growing old: the aging process of disengagement, Ny, Basic 1961) follows a well defined pattern:

1. convert in role. convert in work and productivity. possibly change

in attitude to work.

2. Loss of role, e.g. retirement or death of a husband.

3. Reduced social interaction. With loss of role social interactions are

diminished, eccentric adjustment can added reduce social interaction, damage

to self concept, depression.

4. Awareness of scarcity of remaining time. This produces added curtailment of

activity in interest of saving time.

Havighurst, R. Et al (in B. Neugarten (ed.) Middle age and aging, U. Of Chicago, 1968) and others have recommend that disengagement is not an clear process. They believe the needs of the old are essentially the same as in middle age and the activities of middle age should be extended as long as possible. Havighurst points out the decrease in social interaction of the aged is often largely the

result of community withdrawing from the personel as much as the reverse. To combat this he believes the personel must vigorously resist the limitations of his social world.

Death The fear of the dead surrounded by tribal societies is well established. Persons who had ministered to the dead were taboo and required study various rituals along with retirement for varying periods of time. In some societies from South America to Australia it is taboo for clear persons to utter the name of the dead. Widows and widowers are unbelievable to study rituals in respect for the dead.

Widows in the Highlands of New Guinea colse to Goroka chop of one of their own fingers. The dead continue their existence as spirits and upsetting them can bring dire consequences.

Wahl, C in "The fear of death", 1959 noted that the fear of death occurs as early as the 3rd year of life. When a child loses a pet or grandparent fears reside in the unspoken questions: Did I cause it? Will happen to you (parent) soon? Will this happen to me? The child in such situations needs to re-assure that the departure is not a censure, and that the parent is not likely to leave soon. Love, grief, guilt, anger are a mix of conflicting emotions that are experienced.

Contemporary Attitudes To Death

Our culture places high value on youth, beauty, high status occupations, social class and unbelievable hereafter activities and achievement. Aging and dying are denied and avoided in this system. The death of each man reminds us of our own mortality.

The death of the elderly is less disturbing to members of Western community because the aged are not especially valued. Surveys have established that nurses for example attach more importance to saving a young life than an old life. In Western community there is a pattern of avoiding dealing with the aged and dying aged patient.

Stages of dying. Elisabeth Kubler Ross has specialised in working with dying patients and in her "On death and dying", Ny, Macmillan, 1969, summarised 5 stages in dying.

1. Denial and isolation. "No, not me".

2. Anger. "I've lived a good life so why me?"

3. Bargaining. Underground deals are struck with God. "If I can live until...I promise to..."

4. Depression. (In general the most psychological question of the aged is depression). Depression results from real and threatened loss.

5. Acceptance of the inevitable.

Kubler Ross's typology as set out above should, I believe be taken with a grain of salt and not slavishly accepted. Sublime Us Journalist David Rieff who was in June '08 a guest of the Sydney writer's festival in relation to his book, "Swimming in a sea of death: a son's memoir" (Melbourne University Press) expressly denied the validity of the Kubler Ross typology in his Late Night Live interview (Australian Abc radio) with Philip Adams June 9th '08. He said something to the corollary that his mum had regarded her impending death as murder. My own touch with dying persons suggests that the human ego is extraordinarily resilient. I recall visiting a dying colleague in hospital just days before his death. He said, "I'm dying, I don't like it but there's nothing I can do about it", and then went on to chortle about how senior academics at an Adelaide university had told him they were submitting his name for a the Order of Australia (the new "Knighthood" exchange in Australia). Falling in and out of lucid understanding with an oxygen tube in his nostrils he was nevertheless still extremely concerned in the "vain glories of the world". This notice to me seemed consistent with Rieff's negative estimation of Kubler Ross's theories.

The Aged In Relation To Younger People

The aged share with the young the same needs: However, the aged often have fewer or weaker resources to meet those needs. Their need for social interaction may be ignored by house and care workers.

Family should make time to visit their aged members and invite them to their homes. The aged like to visit children and describe to them straight through games and stories.

Meaningful relationships can be industrialized via foster-grandparent programs. Some aged are not aware of their earnings and health entitlements. house and friends should take the time to explain these. Some aged are too proud to entrance their entitlements and this question should be addressed in a amiable way where it occurs.

It is best that the aged be allowed as much option as potential in matters related to living arrangements, social life and lifestyle.

Communities serving the aged need to furnish for the aged via such things as lower curbing, and ramps.

Carers need to study their own attitude to aging and dying. Denial in the carer is detected by the aged man and it can inhibit the aged man from expressing negative feelings - fear, anger. If the man can express these feelings to man then that man is less likely to die with a sense of isolation and bitterness.

A Metaphysical Perspective

The following notes are my interpretation of a Dr. Depak Chopra lecture entitled, "The New Physics of Healing" which he presented to the 13th Scientific consulation of the American Holistic curative Association. Dr. Depak Chopra is an endocrinologist and a old Chief of Staff of New England Hospital, Massachusetts. I am deliberately omitting the detail of his explanations of the more abstract, ephemeral and controversial ideas.

Original material from 735 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 83002,

Phone. +303 449 6229.

In the lecture Dr. Chopra presents a model of the universe and of all organisms as structures of interacting centres of electromagnetic Power related to each other in such a way that whatever affecting one part of a system or structure has ramifications throughout the whole structure. This model becomes an analogue not only for what happens within the structure or organism itself, but between the organism and both its bodily and social environments. In other words there is a correlation between psychological

conditions, health and the aging process. Dr. Chopra in his lecture reconciles ancient Vedic (Hindu) philosophy with modern psychology and part physics.

Premature Precognitive Commitment: Dr. Chopra invokes experiments that have shown that flies kept for a long time in a jar do not quickly leave the jar when the top is taken off. Instead they accept the jar as the limit of their universe. He also points out that in India baby elephants are often kept tethered to a small twig or sapling. In adulthood when the elephant is capable of pulling over a medium sized tree it can still be successfully tethered to a twig! As other example he points to experiments in which fish are bred on

2 sides of a fish tank containing a divider between the 2 sides. When the divider is removed the fish are slow to learn that they can now swim throughout the whole tank but rather stay in the section that they accept as their universe. Other experiments have demonstrated that kittens brought up in an environment of vertical stripes and structures, when released in adulthood keep bumping into whatever aligned horizontally as if they were unable to see whatever that is horizontal. Conversely kittens brought up in an environment of horizontal stripes when released bump into vertical structures, apparently unable to see them.

The whole point of the above experiments is that they demonstrate Premature Precognitive Commitment. The episode to be learned is that our sensory apparatus develops as a corollary of First touch and how we've been taught to explain it.

What is the real look of the world? It doesn't exist. The way the world looks to us is carefully by the sensory receptors we have and our interpretation of that look is carefully by our premature precognitive commitments. Dr Chopra makes the point that less than a billionth of the available stimuli make it into our nervous systems. Most of it is screened, and what gets straight through to us is whatever we are

expecting to find on the basis of our precognitive commitments.

Dr. Chopra also discusses the diseases that are genuinely caused by mainstream curative interventions, but this material gets too far away from my central intention. Dr. Chopra discusses in lay terms the physics of matter, Power and time by way of establishing the wider context of our existence. He makes the point that our bodies along with the bodies of plants are mirrors of cosmic rhythms and exhibit changes correlating even with the tides.

Dr. Chopra cites the experiments of Dr. Herbert Spencer of the Us National manufacture of Health. He injected mice with Poly-Ic, an immuno-stimulant while development the mice repeatedly smell camphor. After the corollary of the Poly-Ic had worn off he again exposed the mice to the camphor smell. The smell of camphor had the corollary of causing the mice's immune system to automatically strengthen

as if they had been injected with the stimulant. He then took other batch of mice and injected them with cyclophosphamide which tends to destroy the immune system while exposing them to the smell of camphor. Later after being returned to general just the smell of camphor was adequate to cause destruction of their immune system. Dr. Chopra points out that whether or not camphor enhanced or

destroyed the mice's immune system was entirely carefully by an interpretation of the meaning of the smell of camphor. The interpretation is not just in the brain but in each cell of the organism. We are bound to our imagination and our

early experiences.

Chopra cites a study by the Massachusetts Dept of health Education and Welfare into risk factors for heart disease - house history, cholesterol etc. The 2 most important risk factors were found to be psychological measures - Self  Happiness Rating and Job Satisfaction. They found most people died of heart disease on a Monday!

Chopra says that for every feeling there is a molecule. If you are experiencing tranquillity your body will be producing natural valium. Chemical changes in the brain are reflected by changes in other cells along with blood cells. The brain produces neuropeptides and brain structures are chemically tuned to these neuropeptide receptors. Neuropeptides (neurotransmitters) are the chemical concommitants of thought. Chopra points out the white blood cells (a part of the immune system) have neuropeptide receptors and are "eavesdropping" on our thinking. Conversely the immune system produces its own neuropeptides which can work on the nervous system. He goes on to say that cells in all parts of the body along with heart and kidneys for example also yield neuropeptides and

neuropeptide sensitivity. Chopra assures us that most neurologists would agree that the nervous system and the immune system are parallel systems.

Other studies in physiology: The blood interlukin-2 levels of curative students decreased as exam time neared and their interlukin receptor capacities also lowered. Chopra says if we are having fun to the point of exhilaration our natural interlukin-2 levels become higher. Interlukin-2 is a powerful and very expensive anti-cancer drug. The body is a printout of consciousness. If we could convert the way we look at our bodies at a genuine, profound level then our bodies would genuinely change.

On the field of "time" Chopra cites Sir Thomas Gall and Steven Hawkins, stating that our narrative of the universe as having a past, present, and hereafter are constructed entirely out of our interpretation of change. But in

reality linear time doesn't exist.

Chopra explains the work of Alexander Leaf a old Harvard Professor of deterrent treatment who toured the world investigating societies where people  lived beyond 100 years (these included parts of Afghanistan, Soviet Georgia, Southern Andes). He looked at potential factors along with climate, genetics, and diet. Leaf ended the most important factor was the social perception of aging in these societies.

Amongst the Tama Humara of the Southern Andes there was a social reliance that the older you got the more physically able you got. They had a tradition of running and the older one became then ordinarily the best at running one got. The best runner was aged 60. Lung capacity and other measures genuinely improved with age. people were salutary until well into their 100s and died in their sleep. Chopra remarks that things have changed since the introduction of Budweiser (beer) and Tv.

[Discussion: How might Tv be a factor in changing the old ideal state of things?]

Chopra refers to Dr. Ellen Langor a old Harvard psychology professor's work. Langor advertised for 100 volunteers aged over 70 years. She took them to a Monastery covering Boston to play "Let's Pretend". They were divided into 2 groups each of which resided in a different part of the building. One group, the operate group spent some days talking about the 1950s. The other group, the experimental group had to live as if in the year 1959 and talk about it in the present tense. What appeared on their Tv screens were the old newscasts and movies. They read old newspapers and magazines of the period. After 3 days everyone was photographed and the photographs judged by independent judges who knew nothing of the nature of the experiment. The experimental group seemed to

have gotten younger in appearance. Langor then arranged for them to be tested for 100 physiological parameters of aging which included of policy blood pressure, near point vision and Dhea levels. After 10 days of living as if in 1959 all parameters had reversed by the equivalent of at least 20 years.

Chopra concludes from Langor's experiment: "We are the metabolic end goods of our sensory experiences. How we explain them depends on the social mindset which influences personel biological entropy and aging."

Can one flee the current social mindset and reap the benefits in longevity and health? Langor says, community won't let you escape. There are too many reminders of how most people think linear time is and how it expresses itself in entropy and aging - men are naughty at 40 and on social welfare at 55, women reach menopause at 40 etc. We get to see so many other people aging and dying that it sets the pattern that we follow.

Chopra concludes we are the metabolic goods of our sensory touch and our interpretation gets structured in our biology itself. Real convert comes from convert in the social consciousness - otherwise it cannot occur within the individual.

Readings

Chopra, D. The New Physics of Healing. 735 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 83002,

Phone. +303 449 6229.

Coleman, J. C. Abnormal psychology and modern life. Scott Foresman & Co.

Lugo, J. And Hershey, L. Human improvement a multidisciplinary arrival to the psychology of personel growth, Ny, Macmillan.

Dennis. psychology of human behaviour for nurses. Lond. W. B.Saunders.

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The Skinny Jean: A Brief History

The Skinny Jean: A Brief History-History Name

Skinny Jeans, either you love them or loathe them, they're everywhere. But where did they come from?

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1950s and 1960s fashion:

Jeans became the symbol of rebellion and passionate youth worn by the sex symbols of the day. James Dean, Marlon Brando, and Elvis wore their jeans right and slim. Although women in the 50's didn't often wear jeans; Audrey Hepburn, Sandra Dee, and Marilyn Monroe wore the 50's fashion of slim, close fitting pants that had the same sexy silhouette as today's skinnies. By the 60's women's jeans were more tasteless (even though the zipper was in the back) and they continued to have that skinny silhouette. The look could be super sweet like the girl next door, or sexy and rebellious like those greaser chics in the musical and movie of the same name. Rock and Roll was arrival of age and tight jeans were the uniform.

1970s Fashion

The essence of Rock and Roll stays strong in skinny jeans despite the fluff and flash of the Disco era. When we think of 70's fashion, we think of elephant bells and groovy flare jeans; but dig a minuscule deeper and you'll find the beginnings of the punk movement and the skinniest jeans in history. Tight from the waist to the ankle, safety pins were often used to keep them snug colse to the body and growth that bondage appeal. Think of The Sex Pistols and The Ramones as prime examples. Vivian Westwood had her own shop selling this "anti-fashion" to the ultra hip crowd.

1980s fashion

Flash Dance collides with Spandex to bringing a whole new look to the denim scene. Tight jeans were assuredly in for women and men. Tight and stone washed, (still no stretch in denim) 80's fashion is where tapered leg jeans verily made their mark, and the style lasted well into the early 90's. Remember those oversized sweatshirts and the colorful leg warmers? Pat Benetar, Chrissie Hynde and The Rolling Stones, all the serious rockers wore their denim tight (without the leg warmers of course).

1990s Fashion

While mainstream fashion heads toward the boot cut, skinny jeans recapture their cool. No longer beloved in 90's fashion, tight jeans could still be found on the music scene. The Rolling Stones were still rolling along, and private Punk with its Goth cousin were entrenched in tight skinny jeans (anti-fashion once again). Ever wonder why "Rock n Roll" is so often mentioned in reference to jeans? For mainstream America the skinny jean had taken a disturbing turn, evolving into tapered leg styles and even the horrors of faux denim leggings (some people just have problem animated on).

2000-2003

Denim is everywhere, after years of boot cuts and flares, the skinny jean looks suddenly fresh and new. Here we are again, but skinny jeans didn't just pop up over night. It has taken a while to hit the mainstream. In fall of 2002 cutting edge designers were showing skinny jeans scrunched over high heels and tucked into boots. Stella McCartney, Versus (Versace), and Rock and Republic are all showing skinny jeans. By 2003 the trend becomes even more prevalent on the runways and all the excellent denim brands are on board. You have to admit, it looks great on those runway models.

2004-2005

The Power of celebrity is omnipotent, if Kate is wearing it, it's got to be good.
Designers are still pushing the skinny, and the trend catches on in London. Visitors to High street feel totally out of date in their tried and true boot cut jeans. Jbrand Jeans is launched in La, producing right and skinny jeans in dark washes with minimal detailing. Celebrities such as Kate Moss, Angelina Jolie, and Sienna Miller embrace the new trend and look marvelous in it. Our very own fashionista, Ada, bought her first pair of skinny jeans in 2005, but mainstream America is still slow to catch on. Lucky Brand Jeans introduces skinnies to their customers only to watch them languish on the store shelves.

2006

The Skinny Jean is all the buzz! It's hard to wear but you know what they say: "No Pain, No Gain". It's here, it's there, it's everywhere! Suddenly Americans are finding Skinnies in every store. Almost all denim brands offer at least one version of a skinny, cigarette, or super straight. There are other jeans out there, but these are the ones that are on the top of everyone's list. Shop are pushing the new look, and everyone from fashion editors to bloggers are writing about this new trend. Early in the year news reports are varied, predicting that this is a style that just won't catch on with mainstream America. But by the fall season you can get your skinny fix in any place from the trendiest boutiques to the local reduction store. The skinny is assuredly at the peak of popularity right now.

How long will the style last? What's next? Let's look to London and see, is that a wide leg jean?

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Poetic Devices in Poetry

Poetic Devices in Poetry-History Name

Poetry has emotion, imagery, significance, beauty, dignity, rhythm, sometimes rhyme, a dissimilar arrangement which can comprise inversion, and concreteness in its images.

History Name

One way to attain the qualities so principal to making words poetic is straight through the use of poetry devices. We won't begin to cover all the known poetic devices or terms. Rather we'll discuss and use some of the more commonly known and used ones.

Below are the more commonly used poetic devices and terms. Hopefully, with the examples given, every person can best understand some of the ways to make poetry, well, more poetic. The examples used are my own poetry and are copyrighted in my name.

Poetry devices (a major sampling):

alliteration: the repetition of a starting sound.

Rain reigns roughly straight through the day.

Raging anger from the sky

Partners prattle of tormented tears

From clouds wondering why

Lightning tears their souls apart.

In the first two lines, the r sound is repeated. In the third line p starts two adjoining words.

allusion: a casual reference to man or something in history or literature that creates a thinking picture.

A base Woman

No Helen of Troy she,

Taking the world by war,

But a woman in plain paper wrapped

With a heart of love untapped,

She waits, yearning for her destiny

Whether it be a he on a charger white

Or one riding behind a garbage truck.

Perhaps instead a room of students

Lurks in the shadows of her life

Needing her interest to be shown.

Yet other concerns may call

No, no Helen of Troy she,

But a woman set the world to tame

Wherever she may be.

Helen of Troy brings to mind a woman so gorgeous that two countries went to war over her.

analogy: the comparison of two things by explaining one to show how it is similar to the other.

Day's Journey

The day dawns as a journey.

First one leaves the station on a train,

Rushing past other places

Without a pause or stop,

Watching faces blur straight through the window,

No time to say goodbye.

On and on the train does speed

Until the line's end one sees,

Another sunset down

Without any lasting memories.

The whole poem creates analogy, the comparison of a day and a train journey.

caesura: the pausing or stopping within a line of poetry caused by needed punctuation.

Living, breathing apathy

Saps energy, will, interest,

Leaving no desire to win.

All that's left are ashes,

Cinders of what might have been.

The punctuation within the lines (in this case, all commas) are the caesura, not the punctuation at the ends of the lines.

enjambement: the continuation of belief from one line of poetry to the next without punctuation needed at the end of the former line(s).

Looking straight through the eyes

Of wonder, of delight,

Children view their world

With trust, with hope

That only life will change.

Enjambement is found at the end of lines 1, 3, and 4 because punctuation was not needed in those places.

hyperbole: greatest embroidery for effect.

Giants standing tall as mountains

Towering over midgets

Bring eyes above the base ground

To heights no longer small.

Arms of tree trunks wrap

In relax gentle, softness

Unthought of due to size,

Yet welcomed in their strength.

Giants aren't authentically tall as mountains, nor are arms tree trunks, but the use of the embroidery helps create the image wanted.

metaphor: the comparison of two unlike things by saying one is the other.

Sunshine, hope aglow,

Streams from heaven's store

Bringing smiles of warming grace

Which lighten heavy loads.

Clouds are ships in full sail

Racing over the sky-blue sea.

Wind fills the cotton canvas

Pushing them further away from me.

In the first stanza, sunshine is compared to hope while in the second, clouds are compared to ships.

metonymy: the substitution of a word for one with which it is closely associated.

Scandals peep from every window,

Hide behind each hedge,

Waiting to pounce on the unwary,

As the White House cringes in dismay.

White House is used in place of the President or the government, and readers understand what is meant without exactly who is being directly addressed.

onomatopoeia: the sound a thing makes

Roaring with the pain

Caused by flashing lightning strikes,

Thunders yells, "Booooom! Craaaashhhh! Yeow!"

Then mumbles, rumbling on its way.

Grrrr, the lion's cry echoes

Through the jungle's den

Causing creatures small

To scurry to their holes.

Roaring, rumbling, cry are not examples of onomatopoeia, but are verb forms. Boooom, craaaashhh, yeow, and grrrrr are examples of onomatapoeia.

oxymoron: the use of contradictory terms (together) for effect.

Freezing heat of hate

Surrounds the heart

Stalling, killing kindness,

Bringing destruction to the start.

Freezing and heat are contradictory, opposites, yet the two together create a thinking image.

personification: the giving of human traits to non-human things incapable of having those traits.

Anger frowns and snarls,

Sending bolts of fire from darkest night

That bring no brilliance,

Rather only added blackness of sight.

Frowning and snarling are human traits that anger cannot experience; any way using them as traits for anger creates the imagery needed.

simile: the comparison of two unlike things by saying one is like or as the other.

Sunshine, like hope aglow,

Streams from heaven's sky

Bringing smiles of warming grace

On breeze whispers like a sigh.

Clouds are like ships in full sail

Racing over the sky-blue sea.

Wind fills the cotton canvas

Pushing them further away from me.

These two stanzas of poetry and those for metaphor are nearly identical. Both metaphor and simile are comparisons of unlike things, but metaphor states one thing is the other while simile says one is like the other, or as the other.

symbol: something which represents something else besides itself.

The dove, with olive field in beak,

Glides over all the land

Searching for a place to light.

Storms of war linger on every hand,

Everywhere the hawk does fight.

The dove is a stamp of peace, and the hawk is a stamp of war. Using them in poetry gives an image without having to clarify in detail.

Other terms:

elegy: a poem of lament (extreme sorrow, such as caused by death)

free verse: a poem without either a rhyme or a rhythm scheme, although rhyme may be used, just without a pattern.

blank verse: un-rhymed lines of iambic pentameter (ten syllables with all even numbered syllables accented)

imagery: the use of words to create a thinking picture

mood: the emotional corollary of a poem or a story

Understanding and using these devices and terms can help enhance and enlarge poetry. Imagery is principal for vivid poetry, and devices help compose imagery.

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Writing Your Life Story - Tips And Techniques For Success

Writing Your Life Story - Tips And Techniques For Success-History Name

Once a luxury of the rich and famous, technology has, for the first time in history, made it possible for whatever to capture, share and hold their most costly life stories. With the arrival of computers, the Internet, digital photography, video, and audio, whatever can capture the richness and texture of their life stories. These personal histories will be appreciated by family, friends, and time to come generations.

History Name

Today it is possible to actually blend the art of original biography and memoir with great new technologies into a new form of personel life storytelling: the personal life history. Personal life histories are satisfying to create. And, because of the interactive multimedia possibilities possible in computers and the web, a well-done personal life history can be rich and fully rounded in ways that are impossible to accomplish in text-only memoir or biography. But most importantly, personal life histories hold vital personel and family stories. And, when properly done, they will last for generations.

In this description you will recognize how to use time-honored life story writing techniques along with the latest technologies to generate a story that is uniquely "you."

The Art of original Life-Story Formats

For whatever interested in creating their own autobiography, memoir or personal life history, it is prominent to understand the distinctions between these forms of telling one's own life story. To over-generalize for a moment, an autobiography is more fact-based, while a memoir is more emotion-based.

Autobiographies are written by the subject, sometimes with the collaboration of someone else writer. Autobiographical works take many forms, from intimate writings made while life that are not necessarily intended for publication (including letters, diaries, journals, memoirs, and reminiscences) to the formal autobiography. Interestingly, the autobiography format does not necessarily have to be true. It may also be a literary fictional tale.

Memoirs are a form of personal recollection that has grown enormously in popularity in modern times. Memoirs often focus on more subjective recollections such as memories, feelings, and emotions and are generally written from the first-person viewpoint. The memoir is often focused on capturing safe bet meaningful highlights or moments.

In his own Memoir, Palimpest, Gore Vidal writes that "a memoir is how one remembers one's own life, while an autobiography is history, requiring research, dates, facts double-checked."

Memoirs commonly focus on a brief duration of time or a series of related events (an autobiography covers a longer time period). In a memoir, the writer is commonly retrospective, and contemplating past events. Memoirs may combine the techniques of storytelling such as setting, plot, conflict, character development, foreshadowing, flashback, irony or symbolism. And lastly, writing one's memoir often has a therapeutic effect for the writer.

Oral History Recordings

An oral history is a verbatim transcription of an interview, left in the narrator's exact words. These are commonly left in a question-and-answer style and are an frugal way to hold family stories. A recording system with a good-quality microphone and a quiet spot free from interruptions are all that is actually needed to capture an oral history. It helps to have questions ready in advance of the interview.

Oral histories are commonly recorded using analog tape or digital recording equipment, but it is also possible to description directly into a personal computer. Oral histories are often transcribed (typed or word processed) into a document format. The conversational style is thoughprovoking for its easygoing informality.

Caveats: Recording formats and standards are constantly evolving and could come to be difficult or impossible to play back if the equipment becomes obsolete. Taped recordings decay over time.

Video History Recordings

Do-it-Yourself: At the basic level, it's easy and fun to generate a basic video history. Camcorders are relatively inexpensive, and many computers today come with basic editing software. Capturing a good video history shares all of the same prerequisites as an audio recording: a quiet spot, with questions ready in advance. Plus, you will want an uncluttered background, flattering lighting, and right clothing to heighten the potential of the end product. White shirts, pants or dresses, for example don't show up well on video. Likewise, busy patterns can be distracting. Solid light-colored neutrals or pastels are commonly safe.

Professional videographers: A large number of pro video associates specialize in the creation of life story productions. Productions may range from a 10 or 15 slight short to an hour or longer mini-movie, complete with titles, music, and other Hollywood-style effects. Naturally, you'll pay more for a pro yield than a homegrown effort.

When selecting a pro use all the usual smart-consumer tips. Ask for references. Ask to see samples of prior work. Get all costs, yield timetables and commitments in writing. It's delightful to have movies of an personel or family. When well-executed they often have entertainment value and are great for extra occasions.

Caveat: As with audio recordings, formats turn over time, and media can degrade, even with permissible storehouse methods

The Integration of Art and Technology: Web-Based Personal Life Histories

Just in the last few years, the Web has emerged as a great new medium for creating and sharing life stories. On the web it is not only possible, it is enjoyable and easy to generate a rich multimedia story with text, photos, audio and video. This is the new format of the personal life history.

Web-based personal life histories enjoy some advantages over paper-based publishing, audio, video, or even Cd life stories. Specifically, Web-based publication is updateable-one can add new data at any time. It is actually shareable among friends or family. The most industrialized sites offer choices of privacy and safety protection. The web is also multimedia, meaning you can add text, photos, audio, and video. Photos, audio, video are never lost, damaged destroyed. An finally, many sites offer print-on-demand, allowing you to generate instant books. The books may be printed on your home printer, or sent out to small-run publishers. If you select the small-run option, be sure to specify archival potential paper.

One of the biggest advantages of web publishing is the potential to build community around similar interests, occupations, backgrounds or life events. For example, a Wwii veteran pilot who posts his story to the Web and makes it available to the public may be contacted by long-lost friends, other veterans, students, historians, museum personnel, or others interested in this pivotal episode in American history.

Why generate Your Personal Life History?

Mark Twain once said: "There was never yet an uninteresting life. Such a thing is impossibility. Inside everyone, there is a drama, a comedy, a tragedy."

A personal life history can be as short as a few pages, or some volumes in length. whatever the length or medium, it requires thoughtfulness and sometimes quite a bit of work to accomplish. But the work is worthwhile because it has the potential to affect generations ahead. Your personal life history may leave a heritage for your children and grandchildren. As with memoir, writing a personal history allows you to recognize and reflect on your life up to the present day. It lets you add your story to the larger historical description of your family, city, and country. And lastly, if you don't do it, who will?

Start with a Timeline of Life Chapters

How does one start to tell the story of a life that may cover 60, 70, 80 years or more? Often it's helpful to generate a chronological timeline of major events in your life. It helps to jot down a few notes around key phases in your life. In fact, you may already be reasoning of your life as a book, with separate, safe bet chapters built around prominent life episodes.

Of course, not everyone's life follows an selfsame chronological sequence, but here are a few ideas for episode headings for your book or story. GreatLifeStories.com uses the following "chapters" to institute life stories:

o Your Beginnings

o In Your Neighborhood

o School Days

o Off to Work

o Romance and Marriage

o War and Peace

o Triumphs and Tragedies

o Words of Wisdom

o Humor

o Words of Gratitude

The episode system is very flexible. For example, you don't have to start your life story with the days of your birth and youth. Perhaps you had a thoughprovoking contact while the war. As with a movie, you might open your life story with that "scene," then tell the story how you got there.

Once you've got an idea for the "flow," of your story, here are some more exact guidelines to help add color, texture, and authenticity:

Just start writing! Do a mind dump. Get it out of your head and down on paper, the computer, the tape recorder, wherever. Don't worry about how it sounds. Just write. Resist the temptation to edit yourself; there will be time for editing later. Be yourself. Don't worry if your grammar or spelling isn't perfect. Write it as you would say it.Honesty is everything. The best writing tells it like it happened. Include humor. Favorite jokes, stories, anecdotesDetail, detail, detail. What kind of floor did the kitchen have? What color was the scarf she wore when you first met? Go at a comfortable pace. Don't try to capture an whole lifetime in a particular session of furious writing. Write, allow time to reflect, and return again to writing. Consult others. family members and friends can be invaluable sources of facts and interpretation.Use photos to jog your memory. Tip: Set out photos in a timeline of your life, starting from your very youngest days, and thoughprovoking through current times. Write or description to your visual storyboardLook for themes in your life. Themes are broad ideas that are central to your life. Did you always want to be a pilot? A preacher? Own a restaurant? Be a farmer? Tell the story of how you met your goal, or how the goal changed to something else totally unexpected.

Here are just a few other thematic life story possibilities: a. The Spiritual quest b. The Confession c. The Travelogue d. The Portrait e. The Complaint f. Humor g. The family history h. The Road to rescue i. War Story j. Romance

Another Option: Hire a Professional

Most of this description has been focused on creating the do-it-yourself personal life history. There is, of course, the option of working with a professional. The right pro writer or videographer is a highly skilled interviewer and has the permissible tools and equipment. And, believe it or not, it is sometimes easier for person to open up in front of a stranger rather than in front of a family member.

There are many approaches to working with writers or videographers. However, there are a number of similarities in common. The writer/videographer often:

1) Meets with you to resolve the scope and cost of the project.

2) commonly sets up taped interview sessions. Depending on your objectives, these may be an hour or two, or 10, 20 hours or more.

3) The recording is transcribed and edited with your input and guidance

4) Once a final manuscript/movie is agreed upon, it may be sent out for printing or duplication.

5) For books, personal history professionals advise archival bindings and acid-free paper for longevity

6) You receive the number of books/movies agreed upon in your contract.

7) Be sure to discuss services, fees and end products in advance, and get all agreements in writing.

Thanks to high technology, the art of capturing and preserving the stories from one's own life is now open to more citizen and easier than ever before. A new genre of personal storytelling is emerging that draws on the literary traditions of the autobiography and memoir, while adding audio, video, and web technology to generate personal life histories. On the Web, these personal stories personal life histories are multimedia, collaborative, shareable, and instantly updateable.

Enjoy capturing your life story!

References and added Reading

Web Sites:

http://www.greatlifestories.com

Associations:

The association of Personal Historians is a 600+ member assosication of pro personal historians who generate life stories in all formats: text, audio, video. Http://www.personalhistorians.org

How-to Books:

There are many good books filled with distinct approaches and tips for writing a personal life history. Here are just a few:

Daniel, Lios, How to Write Your Own Life Story

Rainer, Tristine, Your Life as Story Books

Roorbach, Bill, Writing Life Stories

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History of Hot Chocolate

The predecessor to the hot chocolate we enjoy today was the Aztec drink xocoatl. Mayan Indians first harvested Cacoa beans from Cacoa pods and frequently traded them to the neighboring Aztecs. Cacoa beans may also have been given as tribute to the more warlike Aztecs. The Aztecs ground the beans into a bitter, base paste, which they mixed with water and spices to form the drink xocoatl. Aztecs later cultivated the cacao tree themselves and appointed their god Quetzalcoatl as the guardian of the cacao tree. Aztec Emperor Montezuma is quoted as having said of xocoatl: "The divine drink, which builds up resistance and fights fatigue. A cup of this drink permits a man to walk a whole day without food." It is recorded that Montezuma drank fifty goblets of xocoatl each day.

Hernan Cortez is credited with introducing the drink to Europeans. Cortez established a cocoa plantation in Mexico in 1519 after looking the Indians using the beans as a form of currency. A year later Cortez introduced the xocoatl drink to the court of Spanish King Charles V. Instead of the spices used by the Aztecs, the Spaniards began the tradition of adding a sweetener, probably cane sugar syrup obtained also from the New World. The Spanish had strangeness pronouncing the Indian word "xocoatl" and changed the name of their new beverage to "chocolat." Although chocolat speedily became favorite across Spain, the Spanish managed to keep it underground from the rest of Europe for a hundred years. During those hundred years many experiments in partially fermenting and then roasting the cocoa beans added increasing richness to the flavor of the drink.

In 1615 Spanish Princess Anna of Austria introduced chocolat to her new husband King Louis Xiii. The drink became fashionable within Louis' court and news speedily spread to Italy and later to Austria. A Frenchman opened the first café specializing in chocolat in London in 1657. The English changed the name of the drink to "chocolate." The involving new drink speedily gained in popularity across Europe. Who it is that first warmed their chocolate drink to make "hot chocolate" is unknown. By 1657 chocolatier David Chaillou had opened the first chocolate house in Paris and served hot chocolate.

The warm, foamy drink we know today owes its true origin to Dutchman Hendrick Van Houten. In April, 1828 Van Houten patented a process whereby a press is used to squeeze ground cocoa beans to citation the natural fat also known as cocoa butter. Cocoa butter makes up about half of the weight of a cocoa bean. The pressed cake that remains after extracting the cocoa butter is cooled, pulverized and sifted into cocoa powder. Van Houten also discovered that by adding alkali-potash to the beans before they are roasted the acidic taste of the cocoa is neutralized. The process became known as "Dutching" and has been used ever since. Even today you will sometimes hear hot chocolate referred to as "dutch chocolate."

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Thanksgiving Grace

One of the traditions of the Thanksgiving Holiday is the understanding of offering grace or giving thanks for what you have. Some are easy and nondenominational:

For each new morning with its light,

For rest and security of the night,

For condition and food,

For love and friends,

For all Thy goodness sends.

- Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)

Others are much more complex and comprise more emotion:

Most High, all-powerful, all-good Lord,

All praise is Yours, all glory, honor and blessings.

To you alone, Most High, do they belong;

no mortal lips are worthy to pronounce Your Name.

We praise You, Lord, for all Your creatures,

especially for Brother Sun,

who is the day straight through whom You give us light.

And he is gorgeous and radiant with great splendor,

of You Most High, he bears your likeness.

We praise You, Lord, for Sister Moon and the stars,

in the heavens you have made them bright, high-priced and fair.

We praise You, Lord, for Brothers Wind and Air,

fair and stormy, all weather's moods,

by which You cherish all that You have made.

We praise You, Lord, for Sister Water,

so useful, humble, high-priced and pure.

We praise You, Lord, for Brother Fire,

through whom You light the night.

He is beautiful, playful, robust, and strong.

We praise You, Lord, for Sister Earth,

who sustains us

with her fruits, colored flowers, and herbs.

We praise You, Lord, for those who pardon,

for love of You bear sickness and trial.

Blessed are those who undergo in peace,

by You Most High, they will be crowned.

We praise You, Lord, for Sister Death,

from whom no-one living can escape.

Woe to those who die in their sins!

Blessed are those that She finds doing Your Will.

No second death can do them harm.

We praise and bless You, Lord, and give You thanks,

and serve You in all humility.

-St. Francis of Assisi

Ultimately, however, the basic understanding of offering a Thanksgiving Grace remains the same regardless of religious and ethnic backgrounds in that the purpose is to write back the blessings that you have received throughout your life (or the past year).

O God, when I have food,

help me to remember the hungry;

When I have work,

help me to remember the jobless;

When I have a home,

help me to remember those who have no home at all;

When I am without pain,

help me to remember those who suffer,

And remembering,

help me to destroy my complacency;

bestir my compassion,

and be involved adequate to help;

By word and deed,

those who cry out for what we take for granted.

Amen.

- Samuel F. Pugh

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History of Norwegian Cruise Lines

Norwegian Cruise Lines is a secret cruise firm headquartered in Miami, Florida. It works on freestyle belief that is you do not have to wait for meal timings and go in a single dress.

When this firm started in 1966 by Knut Kloster and Ted Arison, there was only one cruise ship/car ferry of 830-ton that cruise to Caribbean. Also the cost of the cruise was very less. Formally the name of Norwegian Cruise Lines was Norwegian Caribbean Lines. After setting up, Arison decided to form Carnival Cruise Lines and Kloster bought some more ships to advance their business.

Many first things happened in Norwegian Caribbean Lines. These were air sea programs in which you can go anywhere at low prices, Out island cruise, New ports were industrialized in Caribbean one of which is named as Ocho Rios in Jamaica. The combined air sea agenda was marketed as "Cloud 9 Cruises".

Even in 1966 they bought a second ship. The specialty of this ship was that it can carry automobiles. But now you will see a theatre and casino at that place. After that many new cruise associates industrialized and there was a boom in cruise industry.

In 1979 they did a major change. They rebuild the liner as a cruise ship and renamed her Norway but this conversion costs them more than 0 million Usd. At that time Norway was the largest ship among any other cruise ship and many other changes were done on the deck like adding 24 hour entertainment at some place of the ship or another.

But in 2003 there was an instant burst in boiler of Norway. That is why they stopped using Norway. But in 2005 in Bremerhaven, Germany Norway was again put in use for slow night cruises and worked on her remaining boiler. After sometimes it was sold and renamed as Ss Blue Lady. Then in August 2006 it reached Gujarat, India.

After that the lines were wide to separate parts of the world like Alaska, Europe, Bermuda and Hawaii. Then it wide so much that they started their cruise lines crossing Australia by the name of Norwegian Capricorn Line.

A new subsidiary was founded in 1991 with the name Orient lines. They acquired a ship named Marco Polo in 1998. These Orient lines run Marco Polo. It was also acquired by Star Cruises in 2000 which is subsidiary of a Malaysian group named Genting. After this Star Cruises sold the Marco Polo to Transocean in 2007.

In 2002 they bought a first under building American ship. This American ship was been constructed at Ingalls Shipbuilding in Pascagoula, Mississippi, Usa. After this the ship was sent to Germany at the Lloyd Werft shipyard to complete its construction. After completing this, they got the proprietary to plan their operations surface United States. They moved their two ships surface United States and began their functioning under the name Norwegian Cruise Lines. Then firm bought two American flagged liners Ss United States and Ss Independence in 2003 for their use for the cruise. But before July 2007 they sold the Ss Independence. Its name was later changed to Ss Oceanic.

In August 2007, to make them financially strong, Star Cruise sold half of the firm to Us based Apollo administration which is the owner of Oceania Cruises. It was sold for billion. After this Norwegian Cruise Lines America's brand stays under Star Cruise proprietary for next 16 months, but after this the firm decided to whether eliminate it totally or keep if there is any profit. One of the ships of Norwegian Cruise Lines named Norwegian Winds was transferred to Star Cruises which later on became their Super Star Aquarius. They decided to replacement their an additional one ship named Pride of Aloha to fleet of Star Cruise but later the decision was canceled.

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Kawasaki History

As with the story of many other bicycle manufacturing companies, Kawasaki's history began on entirely dissimilar lines. Although by 1949 they were producing engines that could be adapted for bicycle use, the first real motorbike didn't appear until 1954. Historically, the business had been complicated in heavy industry, along with the originate of aircraft, ships and trains.

The company's first offerings were a 60cc two-stroke, and a150cc and 250cc four-stroke respectively, which were developed using German technology. Kawasaki and Bmw had enjoyed a close connection that stemmed from their days as aircraft builders. Meihatsu, a subsidiary of the Kawasaki Aircraft Company, gave its name to the first perfect motorbike produced by the company. Nearby this time, an unsuccessful attempt was made to break into the scooter sector; the Fuji Rabbit and the Mitsubishi Silver Penguin proving too strong an opposition.

In 1960, the business signed a deal with the oldest bicycle business in Japan, Meguro Motorcycles, whose fortunes had declined since being a major bicycle constructor from their birth in 1937. Having once been regarded as 'the senior make and king of four-strokes', Meguro turned away from their British work on with disastrous results. By 1962, their name had disappeared.

Having initially produced low powered machines, Kawasaki, using the knowledge acquired from Meguro, turned their concentration towards bigger bikes, and in 1966 produced the W1, a 650cc engine that was heavier and slower than its rivals, so enjoyed dinky success. Lighter versions were developed in the shape of the 250cc Samurai and the 350cc A7 Avenger, but again, these machines didn't capture the imagination of the public.

By 1969, Kawasaki were starting to get things right, and the introduction of the 500cc H1 kick-started the company's prestige of quality, high carrying out machines. Smaller versions were released; the 250cc and 350cc S1's. A 748cc H2 became ready in 1972 and stayed in output until the mid 70's, when emission laws drew a curtain on the project.

The introduction of the Z1 in 1973, proved a milestone for Kawasaki. At first intended to have a 750cc power unit, the business ultimately placed on a 903cc engine, after they had seen Honda reveal their Cb750. The Z1, having great carrying out and a good price, became an instant success and soon became the Z900, with the Z1000 following hot on its heels.

In 1984, the introduction of the Gpz900r caused quite a stir. This was in line with the company's improvement of liquid cooled, Dohc, 16 valve, four cylinder engines. This power unit combined with a light, compact chassis would carry you over the first 400 metres of your journey in just over ten and a half seconds. It had a top speed of 250km/h and took the title of 'The World's Fastest Bike'. It was also named 'Bike of the Year' in 1984.

1984 also saw the introduction of Kawasaki's first Cruiser, the Vulcan 750, whilst the 900cc Eliminator came along a year later, using the engine from the Gpz900r. The Cs250 (Casual Sports) appeared in the same year, featuring a liquid cooled, Dohc, singular cylinder motor.

During the90's, Japanese bicycle manufacturers were in serious competition in the Superbike sector, and Kawasaki's offering was the 1052cc, Zzr-1100, a bicycle that was to remain the fastest output bike for the next five years. Its power, combined with a strong frame and good suspension, made it a beloved touring machine. In 2002, it was substituted by the Zzr-1200, which offered best handling. A Zzr-600 also entered the fray.

2002 saw the Ninja Zx-12R arrive with an aluminium, monocoque frame, and a 16 valve in line, four cylinder engine.

In 2003, the 638cc, Zx-6R substituted the 1995 version. This wholly redesigned engine was all that a fast bike should be; quick and aggressive. The Z1000 appeared as a road bike in this same year. It seemed that Kawasaki was top of the tree.

Their bicycle history has been relatively short, but Kawasaki have achieved more in that time than some manufacturers have done in a hundred years. It's no surprise then, that owners stay loyal to the business and the product, as we all wait eagerly for the next curious improvement o come along and blow our minds.

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The Story Behind The Song - All Hail The Power Of Jesus Name

The hymn, "All Hail The Power of Jesus Name", is often called "The National Anthem of Christendom". The lyrics were written by Edward Perronet. Edward was a missionary to India and the hymn first appeared in the November 1779 issue of the Gospel Magazine published by the writer of "Rock of Ages", Augustus Toplady. The lyrics to "All Hail" has been translated into practically every (if not every) language in which Christianity is known.

The lyrics of this hymn, originally eight verses, were written by Edward Perronet in 1779. The original title was "On the Resurrection, the Lord is King". The first verse was originally published in the Gospel Magazine in November 1779 anonymously. All eight verses were published in the April 1780 issue and were accompanied by an acrostic poem that spelled out Edward Perronet. Edward Perronet was ordained into the Anglican Church but finally deferred to the evangelical movement of John and Charles Wesley. He was in many meetings with John Wesley and even though he was a great preacher in his own right, He would never preach in the presence of John Wesley. "Wesley was not one to take no for an riposte and one day in the middle of a meeting he [John Wesley] naturally announced to the large crowd that Brother Perronet will now speak. Reasoning quickly, Perronet declared, 'I will now deliver the greatest sermon ever preached on earth' (you can imagine he got everyone's attention) he then read the Sermon on the Mount, and sat down." This was the kind of man that Edward Perronet was, he adored his brother before himself. Though the Lyrics were written by Edward Perronet, there was no music, no tune written for this hymn. Congregations would select a tune that would fit the meter of the hymn and sing it to that tune. The first music that was applied to the lyrics was a song written by William Shrubsole called "Miles Lane". In 1838 James Ellor penned a tune he called "Diadem" and used the lyrics. The verse

Oh that, with yonder sacred throng, we at his feet may fall,
Join in the everlasting song, and crown Him Lord of all.
Join in the everlasting song, and crown Him Lord of all!

was written in 1787 by John Rippon.

Before we briefly gawk some of the doctrinal content of this great hymn, let me relay two stories of this great hymn. "One of the most dramatic instances of its use was found in the caress of the Rev. E. P. Scott in India" Scott was greatly burdened for a very barbarous tribe that his friends had strongly advised him to avoid. He journeyed to where they were putting his trust in God to protect him. Before he reached their tribe he was accosted and surrounded by them. He had no weapon of offense or defense with him, he had only his violin. He fulfilled, his eyes and began to play and sing "All Hail The Power of Jesus Name" fully anticipating that he would open his eyes in Heaven. After a few minutes he opened his eyes to steal a look and much to his surprise they had dropped their spears and were seeing at him in awe and curiosity. Later, after welcoming him in, he shared with them the glorious story of the Gospel and led many of them to the Lord.

I also heard the story of an Elderly woman who was nearing death. Her family was gathered colse to her bed and they heard her whispering "bring... Bring." They immediately thought she was thirsty and brought her some water. She just shook her head and naturally said "bring... Bring." One of the family members remembered seeing her shout and wave a handkerchief in her younger years and they brought that to her and she still shook her head and said "bring... Bring." Still not knowing what she wanted they brought her Bible to her and laid it at her bed and the Old woman still shook her head and said "bring... Bring." Exasperated they looked at her and asked, "what is it you want us to bring?" With her last bit of vigor she pushed herself up in the bed and raised her hands and with her dying breath she sang "Bring forth the Royal Diadem and Crown Him Lord of All!"

As we gawk "All Hail the Power of Jesus Name" the chance line is the exquisite place to start, the power of Jesus Name. Acts 4:12 declares "Neither is there salvation in any other: for there is none other name under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved." There is power in the name of Jesus to Save, this is in fact, the only way to be saved, to call upon the name of the Lord. The word name in Acts 4:12 is the Greek word onoma and it is used to denote the man himself. Albert Barnes describes it "As we would say, there is no one who can save but Jesus Christ."

The name of Jesus also has power to Secure. The Bible says in I Timothy 2:5 that Jesus Christ is the only mediator in the middle of God and man. The word "mediator" is the Greek word mesitēs (pronounced mes-ee'-tace) and it means a go in the middle of a reconciler, one who intervenes. It is through Jesus, not Mary that we have an advocate, a mediator.

There is power in the name of Jesus to hold us. It is Jesus that saves us and Jesus that keeps us saved. I am reminded of the story of D.L. Moody who boarded a train. The conductor of the train was a devout Mormon. The conductor spent the evening and on up into the night trying to convert Moody to Mormonism. After a lengthy discussion, Mr. Moody told the conductor, "there is only two letters disagreement in the middle of my religion and yours, you spell yours D-O, Do, I spell my D-O-N-E, Done."

There is power in the name of Jesus to succor us as declared in Hebrews 2:18. The word succour is the Greek word boētheō and it means to help, to bring aid. It is comforting to know that Jesus is standing ready to run to our aid when we call for him.

The doctrinal content of the original eight verses written by Edward Perronet is Eschatological, the final day when "every knee shall bow to me, and every tongue shall confess to God." Thank God there will come a day when "every tribe and every tongue" will fall prostrate before Him. Albert Barnes said "To bow the knee" is an act expressing homage, submission, or adoration. It means that every man shall riposte him as God, and admit his right to universal dominion. God is all powerful, he is all knowing, and he is all present, this is the omnipotence, omniscience and omnipresence of God. He is the inventor of the universe and all things in the universe. As such, he deserves all glory and honor. This world at this time does not recognize God as the one and only God, but there will come a day when every knee will bow and every tongue will confess. Philippians 2:10 says that every knee should bow, but Romans 14:11 says that every knee shall bow. This will no doubt occur at the White Throne Judgment described in Revelation 20:11

The word diadem, is truly found in Scriptures four times, Job 29:14, Isaiah 28:5 and 62:3 and Ezekiel 21:26 and there are 3 distinct Hebrew words used in these passages. All of three of these words have basically the same meaning, a crown, the royal attire of the head which the king wore daily or the headdress of the high priest. It also has reference to the wreathen crown that was given to the winners of sporting events. This is a far cry from the caricature of a royal crown that was platted out of thorns. This phrase no doubt has reference to Revelation 4, when the four and twenty elders are falling down before the Lamb and casting their crowns, their diadems at his feet. These crowns that you see in Revelation 4 are distinct than the crowns that you see in Revelation 19:12. The crowns in Revelation 4 are stephanos which is the badge of royalty, the prize in the communal games, but the crown in Revelation 19:12 is diadēma, this is the royal crown, the crown of kings, and Jesus is wearing many crowns because he is the King of kings.

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University of Kentucky Basketball - History

The University of Kentucky basketball schedule has a history that rivals that of any college in any seminar in America. The Kentucky Wildcats, placed in Lexington, Kentucky, boast at the top of their resume the most wins in college basketball history. An arguably even more foremost article held by the University of Kentucky basketball schedule is the high water mark for the most winning percentage of all time. Among the other famous accomplishments in the hundred plus year history of Kentucky basketball are seven national championships (second only to Ucla) and 98 Ncaa Tournament wins (second to Unc).

The Kentucky schedule has had enviable success in every decade of an existence that started with an inauspicious beginning when the inaugural 1903 season was completed with a dismal 1-2 record, the lone win advent against the Lexington Ymca. Underwhelming success for the upstart schedule nearly resulted in the basketball squad ceasing to exist past the first decade of the twentieth century. With a cumulative article of 15 and 29 after the 1908 season the university administration voted in 1909 to dismantle the program. Fortunately the trainee body rallied to save the team and effectively what would finally come to be the culture of the University of Kentucky.

The first paid head basketball coach at the University of Kentucky was a man by the name of E.R. Sweetland who also concurrently coached the football team. Under coach Sweetland the hereafter powerhouse experienced its first taste of success with its first winning season (5-4) in 1909 and an impressive undefeated season (9-0) in 1912. It was while this era that the nickname Wildcats was first attached to the university. Commandant Corbusier, head of the school's troops department, is credited with coining the term after commenting that in a victory over the University of Illinois the Kentucky squad "fought like Wildcats." The nickname stuck and to this day college basketball fans nearby the world know the University of Kentucky team as the Wildcats.

New coach George Buchheit took over the schedule in 1919 and instituted a bizarre principles by modern day standards whereby one player from his team remained under each basket for the entirety of each game. After coach Buchheit a number of coaches preceded the famed Coach Adolph Rupp together with C.O. Applegran, Ray Eklund, Basil Hayden, and John Mauer. Maur is singular fine for installing what were at the time novelty nasty components that included screens set away from the ball and the deceptive bounce pass. Opposing teams were so thrown off by the ingenuity of the bounce pass that they referred to the dizzying floor maneuvers naturally as the "submarine attack."

Kentucky basketball turned a requisite corner with the 1930 hiring of Adolph Rupp who would hold the position of head coach for an awe-inspiring forty two years between 1930 and 1972. Coach Rupp experienced such success and national acclaim while his tenure that when the University of Kentucky occasion a new stadium in 1976 the faculty prime Rupp Arena as the name of the 23,500 seat home for the Wildcats.

Although Coach Rupp was a tough act to follow he did cement the groundwork for successful Kentucky teams in the decades following his retirement. Among the high profile coaches that have tried their best to fill his shoes are famous names such as Joe Hall, Eddie Sutton, Rick Pitino, Tubby Smith, briefly Billy Gillispie, and current head coach John Calipari who at the time of this writing has the Kentucky Wildcats in position to fight for their eighth Ncaa national championship. Regardless of whether Coach Calipari wins a basketball national championship at the University Kentucky the one thing that history has taught us is that the quest for an elusive eighth championship is not a matter of if it will happen, but rather when will it happen.

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The History of Horse Racing In North America

While horse racing enjoys popularity the world over - and has for quite some time - the history of the sport in North America is particularly interesting. The first horse racing procedure in America was in what is now known as Hempstead Plains in Nassau County, New York. The course, Newmarket, opened its gates in 1665, and in doing so, it helped kick off the rich tradition of the horse racing sport in America. Due to the success of Newmarket, many other racing tracks were opened, together with the Belmont track in New York.

Belmont is the largest dirt procedure in all of thoroughbred racing. It opened in May 1905, and continues to be one of the most favorite venues for horse racing and is noted as "the big time" for many racers. It is owned and operated by the New York Racing Association, which also owns Saratoga and Aqueduct. The biggest race at Belmont is the immensely favorite Belmont Stakes. A statue of the legendary horse, Secretariat, stands in the town of the track, as he set a world report for his 1973 race there [amongst other achievements over the procedure of his career.]

The three most prominent races in North American horse racing come together to form the "triple crown." together with the Kentucky Derby, Belmont Stakes, and Preakness Stakes. Beyond that, many racing enthusiasts enjoy the Breeders' Cup races. The previous is held earlier in the year, and the latter, later. As such, distinct values are located on the wins. While some prefer the first-rate triple crown to the new breed of race that is the Breeders' Cup, many like the new race and the way it is held at distinct tracks every year.

Interestingly enough, while gambling is ordinarily frowned upon in the United States, horse race betting is regulated and sanctioned by private states. As such, betting on horse races via legitimate channels is legal, whereas other types of sports bets aren't legal.

There are distinct types of horse racing that are favorite in the United States. One way to differentiate is the type of track - dirt, polytrack, and grass are the most tasteless surfaces, though some race types will merge more than one of these into the same track. Thoroughbred racing is the most tasteless type of race - and the one most Americans are well-known with, though quarter horse racing and harness racing also enjoy their own popularity. Arabian horse racing is uncommon, but there are enthusiasts who enjoy that sort of racing.

Horse race tracks are all distinct lengths, depending on the type of race, the surface, and the style of racing/horses that will be participating. Interestingly enough, many horse breeders select to raise their horses with definite types of races and courses in mind, selecting studs and fillies who have the allowable genetic makeup to breed strong race horses.

There are differences in the races and how the horses are bred for definite races. For example, thoroughbreds are bred to run longer distances, while quarter horses are ordinarily faster. As such, the two have distinct builds. Thoroughbreds are taller and leaner than quarter horses, who are bred to be shorter and more muscular. A quarter horse race is ordinarily held on a right track and is much faster with a distinct type of competition than a thoroughbred race. A thoroughbred race is held on something more like a car race track, and it is easier for a definite horse and jockey to break out of the back for a clear winner than in quarter horse racing.

As you can see, there is a diverse and solid history of horse racing in the United States. Although horses are not as favorite as they once were for things such as transportation, show and sports horses are still incredibly favorite and captivating to Americans of all ages.

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